간식 섭취 상태 및 간식의 당류 및 나트륨 함량 평가- 과자류, 견과류, 과일류, 유제품류, 음료류를 중심으로 - = Assessment of Sugar and Sodium Content and Their Intake from Snack Food Groups - A Focus on Cookies, Nuts, Fruits, Dairy Products, and Beverages -

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The contribution of snacks to overall dietary intake has increased due to dietary diversification and lifestyle changes. In this study, 20,022 snack food items from the Food Nutrient Database of processed foods of the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety were classified as cookies (6,408 food items), nuts (90), fruits (133), dairy products (5,292), and beverages (8,099) and compared for sugar and sodium contents. Snack intakes of 100 adult men and women in their 20s were assessed using dietary intake data collected using the 24-h recall method. Results showed that among the snack food groups, fruits and beverages had the highest sugar content per 100 kcal, while nuts had the lowest (p<0.001), and nuts and fruits had the lowest sodium contents (p<0.001). When the distribution of snack foods was assessed according to equal to/above and below the median sugar and sodium contents, nuts had the highest percentage of food items with sugar and sodium content below the median value (78.9%), and fruits and beverages had the high percentages of food items with sugar contents ≥ the median value (85.0% and 55.3%, respectively; p<0.001). The snack food groups that contribute most to sugar intake were (in decreasing order) beverages, dairy products, fruits, cookies, and nuts, and the snack food groups that contributed most to sodium intake were (in decreasing order) dairy products, cookies, beverages, nuts, and fruits. Summarizing, based on sugar and sodium contents and the intake statuses of snack food groups, nuts should be recommended as snack foods to reduce sugar intake and nuts and fruits to reduce sodium intake.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 이수향 ; 신보미 ; 송가인 ; 신선정 ; 배수명, "한국 성인의 당 함유 간식섭취 행태와 구강질환의 연관성" 한국치위생학회 20 (20): 29-39, 2020

2 안서현 ; 김성영, "평택지역 대학생의 성별 식습관 및 생활습관 비교 연구" 동아시아식생활학회 30 (30): 117-128, 2020

3 연지영 ; 신기용 ; 이순규 ; 이혜영 ; 강백원 ; 박혜경, "충북 일부지역 여자 중학생의 체형 인식도에 따른 식습관, 체형 만족도 및 영양지식에 관한 연구" 대한지역사회영양학회 18 (18): 442-456, 2013

4 이은정 ; 진보형 ; 백대일 ; 황인경, "초등학생의 간식섭취실태와 치아우식증과의 상관관계에 관한 조사연구" 한국식품조리과학회 24 (24): 251-257, 2008

5 연지영, "청소년의 간식 종류별 섭취빈도와 과체중 및 비만 위험률과의 연관성 분석- 2007~2009 국민건강영양조사 자료를 바탕으로 -" 한국식품영양학회 30 (30): 74-82, 2017

6 고은경 ; 박은숙, "중학생의 가공식품 섭취 실태와 식품표시에 대한 인식" 한국생활과학회 19 (19): 179-189, 2010

7 고양숙 ; 박형근 ; 이유영 ; 채인숙 ; 이윤경 ; 제갈윤석, "제주시 지역 일부 초등학교 비만아동의 간식 섭취 실태" 한국영양학회 50 (50): 85-97, 2017

8 박혜진 ; 강현주 ; 이은숙 ; 이홍미, "자주 섭취하는 간식의 종류에 따른 경기지역 초등학교 고학년생의 간식섭취실태, 식생활과 생활습관 및 음식 기호도" 한국영양학회 54 (54): 547-559, 2021

9 김금란 ; 김미정, "서울, 경기 일부지역 고등학생의 간식 섭취 실태와 일반사항과의 차이" (사)한국조리학회 19 (19): 11-27, 2013

10 김완수 ; 한영희, "도시지역 일부 대학생의 음료 섭취실태 및 구매 행동" 한국생활과학회 29 (29): 241-253, 2020

11 정예승 ; 이현주 ; 오지은 ; 김유리, "국민건강영양조사 7기 자료를 이용한 한국인의 당류 섭취에 기여하는 주요 급원 식품군 및 음식 분석" 한국식생활문화학회 36 (36): 474-483, 2021

12 김혜수 ; 서선희, "과일섭취 의도에 영향을 미치는 요인: 과일섭취 습관의 조절효과" 한국영양학회 47 (47): 134-144, 2014

13 정은정 ; 유하정 ; 심유진, "경기지역 일부 대학생에서 나트륨의 주요 기여 음식과 변이 음식" 한국식품영양과학회 45 (45): 409-419, 2016

14 두서린 ; 박혜련 ; 송경희 ; 이영미, "경기지역 고등학생의 고지방 간식 섭취 및 생활 스트레스와 식행동 간의 관계" 대한지역사회영양학회 22 (22): 289-297, 2017

15 최병범, "경기 북부 지역 일부 대학생의 식습관과 식행동 조사" 한국식품영양학회 26 (26): 404-413, 2013

16 Dikariyanto V, "Tree nut snack consumption is associated with better diet quality and CVD risk in the UK adult population : National Diet and Nutrition Survey(NDNS)2008-2014" 23 (23): 3160-3169, 2020

17 Emanuel AS, "Theory of planned behavior explains gender difference in fruit and vegetable consumption" 59 (59): 693-697, 2012

18 Ministry of Health and Welfare, "The 5th Health Plan (2021-2030)" Health Promotion Institute 101-, 2022

19 Hassen WS, "Socio-economic and demographic factors associated with snacking behavior in a large sample of French adults" 15 (15): 25-, 2018

20 Hess J, "Snacking for a cause: Nutritional insufficiencies and excesses of U.S. children, a critical review of food consumption patterns and macronutrient and micronutrient intake of U.S. children" 6 (6): 4750-4759, 2014

21 Tsugane S, "Salt, salted food intake, and risk of gastric cancer : Epidemiologic evidence" 96 (96): 1-6, 2005

22 Lee YS, "Nutrition Throughout the Life Cycle" Gyomoonsa 243-271, 2016

23 Abbaspour N, "Mixed nut consumption may improve cardiovascular disease risk factors in overweight and obese adults" 11 (11): 1488-, 2019

24 Cook NR, "Long term effects of dietary sodium reduction on cardiovascular disease outcomes : Observational follow-up of the trials of hypertension prevention(TOHP)" 334 (334): 885-888, 2007

25 Ministry of Health and Welfare, "Korea Health Statistics 2019: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VIII-1)"

26 Malta D, "High sodium intake increases blood pressure and risk of kidney disease. From the Science of Salt: A regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes (August 2016 to March 2017)" 20 (20): 1654-1665, 2017

27 Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Food Photos for Quantity Estimation"

28 Rural Development Administration, National Institute Agricultural Sciences, "Food Composition Table. ver. 9.2"

29 Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, "Food Composition Database"

30 Viskaal-van Dongen M, "Effects of snack consumption for 8 weeks on energy intake and body weight" 34 (34): 319-326, 2010

31 Bae YJ, "Dietary mineral intake from nuts and its relationship to hypertension among Korean adults" 200 (200): 3519-3528, 2022

32 World Health Organization, "Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases: Report of a Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation" World Health Organization 2003

33 Li Y, "Consumption of, and factors influencing consumption of, fruit and vegetables among elderly Chinese people" 28 (28): 504-508, 2012

34 Asaria P, "Chronic disease prevention : Health effects and financial costs of strategies to reduce salt intake and control tobacco use" 370 (370): 2044-2053, 2007

35 Kim SN, "A Table of Food Nutritional Values that Consumers Can Easily Understand in One-time Quantities" Gyomoonsa 4-351, 2013

36 손지수 ; 정복미, "20대 이상 성인의 견과류 섭취관련 요인 실태조사" 한국지역사회생활과학회 32 (32): 5-18, 2021

37 Ministry of Health and Welfare, "2020 Dietary Reference Intake for Koreans:Minerals"

38 Ministry of Health and Welfare, "2020 Dietary Reference Intake for Koreans:Energy and Macronutrients"

39 최선아 ; 정성석 ; 노정옥, "2018년 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용한 성인의 과일류 섭취 실태 및 식생활평가지수와의 관계 분석" 한국식품영양과학회 50 (50): 1124-1136, 2021