A study on AR- Based interactive Design Applications for Supporting Integrated Architectural Design : 통합건축 설계 프로세스 지원을 위한 증강현실 기반 인터랙티브 디자인의 활용에 관한 연구

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In recent years, the information technology (IT) in architecture has been achieved numerous remarkable advances. These advances also contribute to development of Computer-Aided Architectural Design (CAAD) field. Currently, whole design tools became indispensable for supporting architects, engineers, technicians, et al in their works. Especially, the current Building Information Modeling (BIM) concept is fascinating architects and other specialists by Integrated Design Process (IDP), which are considered as the novel design process. The IDP is expected to be replaceable for conventional design process in architecture. However, the current design platform allows users to design and manage their project models in the absolute virtual environment, and then this problem seems to be isolation of design platform from IT advances of CAAD.
In 10 years recently, Augmented Reality technology (usual abbreviation as AR) have been proving as an interest and full applicable technology in many fields, e.g manufacture& engineering, medical, commercial, military, entertainment, et al. The AR can create up a novel working environment that its term is within Mixed Reality (MR) spectrum (Milgram 1994) [12] .
Along with AR, the virtual model can be posited in real environment, and then users are able to observe and interact with virtual model in real-time. It means that the user still keeps his perception about a real environment while he is working with virtual objects.
Hence, this research aims to study on using AR technology as such an assistance tools for current architectural design works. This research proposes and demonstrates the AR-based interactive design approach, which can assist architects and engineers to observe and interact with BIM models in the phases of integrated architectural design process. Therein, the collaborative working method within AR interface could be recognized as the supplement activity in integrated design process. By AR interactive design approach, the architects and designers can gather clearly more knowledge about information integrating of BIM models. Furthermore, it also enable users contribute and share their design content easily in early stages of integrated design process.
The AR operations will rely on the computer vision- based AR tracking. Thereat, the AR implementations will be built basing on usage of the open ARToolKit library, which was known as the popular one for developing many AR applications on the world.
Plus, the practical applications are illustrated for some specific usage scenarios of integrated design concept. In these prototypes, the AR working system acts the role as the useful device, which can support the interactive and collaborative working environment for architects or designers. Those are the practical implementations in some kinds of architectural works, such as: real-time discussion for interior design, AR collaborative urban design and real-time crosscheck for technical component on site. By those outcomes, we expect that AR interactive design will become the realizable and useful approach for supporting integrated architectural design process, and even more in the future works of architecture and construction.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1
• 1.1 Motivation 1
• 1.2 Objective and Scope of Research 3
• 1.3 Structure of the Thesis 5
• CHAPTER 2. TREND OF CURRENT TECHNOLOGY IN ARCHITECTURE 8
• 2.1 Trend of Information Technology for Architecture 8
• 2.1.1 CAAD History 9
• 2.1.2 Human-Computer Interaction development for CAAD- present and future 13
• 2.2 BIM& Integrated Design Process (IDP) 16
• 2.2.1 BIM- The Contemporary Technology for Design and Management in Architectural Project 16
• 2.2.2 Integrated Design Process (IDP)- The new design process originated from BIM 20
• 2.3 Augmented Reality Technology 24
• 2.3.1 Definition of Augmented Reality 24
• 2.3.1.1 Augmented Reality in Milgrams Reality-Virtual Continuum 25
• 2.3.1.2 Primitive Augmented Reality Applications 28
• 2.3.2 Previous Interactive Design in AR 42
• CHAPTER 3: AUGMENTED REALITY AND ITS INTEGRATION IN ARCHITECTURE 46
• 3.1 Augmented Reality and Architecture 46
• 3.1.1 Architecture and Virtual Environment 46
• 3.1.2 Blurred Reality of Working Environment 50
• 3.1.3 Why the Combination 53
• 3.2 Integrated Architectural Design 56
• 3.2.1 Conventional Architecture Design& Limitations 56
• 3.2.2 Integrated Architectural Design Process 60
• 3.3 AR Interactive Design Supporting to Integrated Architectural Design 66
• 3.3.1 Proposal 66
• 3.3.2 Concepts of AR Interactive Design for Integrated Architectural Design 68
• 3.4 Architectural Design tools & Virtual Model 70
• 3.4.1 BIM Design Applications 70
• 3.4.2 3D/4D Model for Virtual (VRML) 72
• CHAPTER 4. AUGMENTED REALITY APPROACHES FOR INTERACTIVE DESIGN INTERFACE 74
• 4.1 Display Modalities in Augmented Reality Interface 74
• 4.2 Mobile Computing 83
• 4.2.1 Head- Mounted Display (HMD) 83
• 4.2.2 Working System 85
• 4.2.2 User AR Device Set 87
• 4.3 Interaction in Augmented Reality 88
• 4.3.1 Physical Marker- based AR Tracking 88
• 4.3.1.1 Computer Vision for AR 88
• 4.3.1.2 Vision- based AR Tracking Methods 91
• 4.3.1.3 Physical Planar Marker 92
• 4.3.1.4 ARToolKit- Working Process 94
• 4.3.2 Tangible AR for Interaction 99
• 4.3.3 Marker Manipulation- based Interaction 102
• 4.3.3.1 Occlusion Marker- based Interaction 102
• 4.3.3.2 Multi-Classes Marker 108
• 4.4 Collaborative Working in Augmented Reality 111
• 4.4.1 Collaborative AR 111
• 4.4.2 Shared Virtual Working Space for Integrated Architectural Design 114
• 4.4.3 Face-to-Face Working at Roundtable for Integrated Architectural Design 117
• CHAPTER 5. AR-BASE INTERACTIVE DESIGN APPLICATIONS IN INTEGRATED ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 121
• 5.1 Methodology for Integrated Design Operating in AR Interface 121
• 5.1.1 Working Process 121
• 5.1.2 Model Generation and Its Assignment to AR Application 127
• 5.1.3 Physical Marker Generation for AR Interactive Design Applications 130
• 5.2 Using AR Interactive Design Approach in the Phases of Integrated Design Process 133
• 5.3 Case for Type 1: Real-time Discussion for Interior Design 142
• 5.3.1 Case Study 142
• 5.3.2 Related Works 143
• 5.3.3 Implementation 144
• 5.3.4 Summary 149
• 5.4 Case for Type 1: AR Collaborative Urban Design 149
• 5.4.1 Case Study 149
• 5.4.2 Related Works 150
• 5.4.3 Implementation 151
• 5.4.4 Summary 155
• 5.5 Case for Type 2: Real-time Crosscheck for Technical Works on Site 156
• 5.5.1 Case Study 156
• 5.5.2 Working Process 157
• 5.5.3 Implementation 162
• 5.5.4 Summary 167
• 5.6 Discussion 167
• CHAPTER 6. CONCLUSIONS 171
• BIBLIOGRAPHY 176