옥타비아 버틀러의 『킨드레드』: 장르 혼합과 인지적 소외 효과 = Octavia Butler`s Kindred: Genre-Crossing and Cognitive Estrangement

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Octavia Butler`s Kindred tells the story of Dana Franklin, a black woman living in the post-civil rights era of 1976 who becomes a time traveler, visits antebellum America, and experiences slavery. This essay examines how Butler appropriates the generic conventions of the slave narrative and science fiction in order to rewrite the African-American history of slavery and criticize its legacy of racism and sexism. The novel is often considered a neo-slave narrative-a literary genre popular in the 1970s and 1980s in which supernatural, fantastic elements are added to the traditional African-American slave narrative. Butler is particularly indebted to the works of Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs for certain themes, such as the importance of literacy, the master-slave dynamic, and elements of the sentimental novel. More significantly, Butler uses the literary convention of science fiction to remember past history and disconnect from the present reality. The past becomes an alternate reality of the present, and the present becomes a reflection of the past. Juxtaposed with slavery of the past, the present-day interracial marriage between Dana and Kevin (her white husband) is defamiliarized according to the device known as "cognitive estrangement." This alienation of the present makes it possible to criticize the institutionalized violence and performative dimensions of racism and sexism, which are typically internalized by victims and victimizers. Combining the slave narrative with science fiction, Butler revisits past history and the present reality, not simply by means of textbook representation, but through her character`s painful but viable physical experience that leaves its trace in Dana`s disabled body.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Flagel, Nadine, "‘It’s Almost Like Being There’: Speculative Fiction, Slave Narrative, and the Crisis of Representation in Octavia Butler’s Kindred" 42 (42): 216-245, 2012

2 Zaki, Hoda M., "Utopia, Dystopia, and Ideology in the Science Fiction of Octavia Butler" 17 : 239-251, 1990

3 Hua, Linh U., "Reproducing Time, Reproducing History: Love and Black Feminist Sentimentality in Octavia Butler’s Kindred" 44 (44): 391-407, 2011

4 Levecq, Christine, "Power and Repetition: Philosophies of (Literary) History in Octavia Butler’s Kindred" 41 (41): 525-553, 2000

5 Dubey, Madhu, "Octavia Butler’s Novels of Enslavement" 46 (46): 345-363, 2013

6 Douglass, Frederick, "Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave" Norton 1997

7 Suvin, Darko, "Metamorphoses of Science Fiction" Yale UP 1979

8 Butler, Octavia, "Kindred" Beacon Press 2003

9 Steinberg, Marc, "Inverting History in Octavia Butler’s Postmodern Slave Narrative" 38 (38): 467-476, 2004

10 Crossley, Robert, "Introduction"

11 Jacobs, Harriet, "Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl" Oxford UP 1988

12 Govan, Sandra, "Homage to Tradition: Octavia Butler Renovates the Historical Novel" 13 (13): 79-96, 1986

13 Rushdy, Ashraf, "Families of Orphans: Relation and Disrelation in Octavia Butler’s Kindred" 55 (55): 135-157, 1993

14 Varsam, Maria, "Dark Horizon: Science Fiction and the Dystopian Imagination" Routledge 203-224, 2003

15 Hampton, Gregory Jerome, "Changing Bodies in the Fiction of Octavia Butler: Slaves, Aliens, and Vampires" Lexington 2010

16 노재호, "Becoming Other than Ourselves: Difference and Hybridity in Species and the Xenogenesis Trilogy" 한국현대영미소설학회 11 (11): 291-310, 2004

17 Rose, Mark, "Alien Encounters: Anatomy of Science Fiction" Harvard UP 1981

18 유제분, "(재현) 부적절한 타자의 재현--다나 해러웨이의 사이보그 페미니즘 인식론과 옥타비아 버틀러의 『완전변이 세대』 삼부작" 한국영어영문학회 50 (50): 759-777, 2004