Ticagrelor (TCG), an antiplatelet agent, has low solubility and permeability, so many attempts have been made to apply pharmaceutical technology to improve the solubility and permeability of the drug. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are second-ge...
Ticagrelor (TCG), an antiplatelet agent, has low solubility and permeability, so many attempts have been made to apply pharmaceutical technology to improve the solubility and permeability of the drug. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are second-generation lipid nanoparticles with properties to increase oral bioavailability and delay the release. However, drugs that require high doses due to low drug loading are limited. This study aims to improve drug loading and bioavailability through a high-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (HL-NLC) using the Box-Behnken design and to develop a sustained-release tablet by manufacturing a solid formulation using an adsorbent. To evaluate the potential of high-content nanostructured lipid carriers for GMS and Capmul MCM EP, which have high solubility due to previous studies, were selected as solid lipids and liquid lipids. In addition, d--Tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate and poloxamer 188, which are surfactants with the highest solubility and co-surfactants that will increase the stability of the formulation, were selected through screening studies. The formulation was optimized for process parameters (total lipid content, liquid lipid content ratio, surfactant fraction) for various response parameter factors (particle size, polydispersity index, encapsulation efficiency, drug loading) using the Box-Benken experimental design. The high-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier was successfully fabricated and optimized with a particle size of 164.5 ± 3.8 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.199 ± 0.018, encapsulation efficiency of 98.5 ± 3.6%, and a drug loading of 16.4 ± 1.7%. In addition, an adsorbent was used to solidify the formulation, and the adsorbent was determined based on physical properties such as bulk density, tap density, angle of repose, Hausner ratio, and Carr's index. Florite R was used because of its excellent adsorption capacity, excellent physical properties, and solubility of the powder after preparation, and a solidified high-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (S-HL-NLC) was prepared. The results of scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction analysis that the crystallinity of TCG was transformed into an amorphous form in the lipid matrix. In addition, a sustained-release tablet with a dissolution rate of over 90% within 24 h was developed using HPMC 4000 for the S-HL-NLC. Moreover, the HL-NLC and the S-HL-NLC did not show cytotoxicity to Caco-2 cells, and at a concentration of 20 µg/mL, 1.61-fold and 1.28-fold higher cellular uptake compared to TCG, respectively. In the pharmacokinetic study, the bioavailability of HL-NLC and S-HL-NLC compared to TCG was 293.03 ± 33.65%, 323.91 ± 37.20% depending on the area under the curve (AUCtotal) and peak plasma concentration (Cmax). In conclusion, HL-NLC tablets were successfully developed with sustained release profiles and improved oral bioavailability. This formulation improves the oral bioavailability of TCG and suggests that it can be used as a carrier for various oral administrations by using as a solid formulation.