The ginsenoside metabolite compound K inhibits hormone-independent breast cancer through downregulation of cyclin D1

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Various types of ginsenosides are present in ginseng and have been recognized for their health-promoting effects.Compound K (CK) is a metabolite ofginsenoside Rb1 and reportedly exerts chemotherapeutic effects against several types of cancers. However, the anti-cancer effect and the molecular mechanism of CK against hormone-independent breast cancer is unknown. Through a direct comparison, it was discovered that CK elicits the strongest anti-cancer effect against breast cancer cells when compared to other ginsenosides. CK treatment suppresses the growth of hormone-independent human breast cancer cells and induces G1 phase cell cycle arrest. CK also markedly suppresses tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model, concomitant with the suppression of cyclin D1 via protein degradation. These findings suggest that CK can be used to target hormone-independent breast cancers by inducing degradation of cyclin D1.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> CK is the most potent ginsenoside against breast cancer. </LI> <LI> CK inhibits breast cancer tumor growth <I>in vivo.</I> </LI> <LI> CK induces G1 cell cycle arrest in hormone-independent breast cancer cells. </LI> <LI> CK suppresses cyclin D1 expression through proteasomal degradation. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>