SPS협정의 국제표준 관련 조문의 도입에 관하여- 정의와 추정규정을 중심으로 - = A Study on the International Standards related Clauses in the SPS Agreement - Focusing on the Definition and Presumption Clause -

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

A Study on the International Standards related Clauses in the SPS Agreement- Focusing on the Definition and Presumption Clause -



Kim, KyungwooResearch Professor, Research Center for Climate Change and International Law



This paper examines how international standards are developed through the SPS negotiation process. In particular, I will take a look at how the definition and presumption clauses of international standard in the SPS Agreement are formed.
The trend of international trade after the Kennedy Round shifted from conventional tariffs to non-tariff barriers. Among the non-tariff barriers, especially non-tariff barriers related to the standard were the main agenda of the Tokyo Round. However, discussions on non-tariff barriers related to the standard were discussed in conjunction with preparation of the Standards Code for the Tokyo Round.
After the release of the final draft of the Draft Code in June 1973, discussions on whether this draft could be applied to the agricultural sector began. In the Tokyo Round, the discussions on applying the Draft Code to agriculture continued. Standards on agricultural products were often mandatory and developing countries asked for differentiated treatment for them. However, with regard to international standards, the term looked unclear and it was questioned whether international standards in the field of quarantine systems would be practically possible.
In the early days of the Uruguay Round negotiations, it was suggested that, in relation to international standards, domestic regulations in accordance with international standards would be deemed to comply with GATT Article 20 (b). In addition, domestic regulations that fully complied with international standards had a strong presumption that they were consistent with Article 20 (b) of the GATT. However, in practice, opinions that the Standards Code was not effective for measures affecting trade were stronger.
The SPS measures should be harmonized on the basis of the appropriate standards developed by the relevant international organizations. Regarding the three institutions such as the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), Office International des Epizooties (OIE), International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), the United States, the Cairns group and Nordic countries were fully aware of their roles. Especially Nordic countries proposed that the best way to make SPS measures should be in the form of SPS Code.
The definition and presumption requirements of the SPS Agreement can be said to have characteristics that move in sets with each other. The fact that the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), Office International des Epizooties (OIE), International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) appear in the definition and the standards made by these organizations are assumed to conform to the relevant provisions of GATT is closely related to the fact that the SPS Agreement emerged on the basis of Article 20(b) of GATT and the discussion of the applicability of the Draft Standards Code.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

SPS협정의 국제표준 관련 조문의 도입에 관하여- 정의와 추정규정을 중심으로 -



김 경 우연세대학교 SSK 기후변화와 국제법연구센터 연구교수



본논문은 SPS협정 협상과정을 통하여 국제표준 관련 조문이 어떻게 발전되었는지 살펴본다. 특히, SPS협정에서의 국제표준 정의와 추정 관련 규정이 어떻게 형성되었는지에 고찰한다.
케네디라운드 이후의 국제무역의 기조는 기존의 관세에서 비관세장벽에 대한 논의로 옮겨가게 된다. 비관세장벽 중에서도 특히 표준(standard)과 관련된 비관세장벽은 향후 도쿄라운드의 주요 의제가 된다. 그러나 표준과 관련된 비관세장벽에 대한 논의는 실제적으로는 케네디라운드가 끝나고 도쿄라운드가 시작되기 직전까지, 도쿄라운드의 Standards Code의 준비작업을 겸하여 논의가 이루어졌다.
1973년 6월에 Draft Code의 최종초안이 나오고 나서 이 초안을 농업부문에 적용가능할지에 대한 논의도 시작되었다. 도쿄라운드에 들어가서도 Draft Code를 농업에 적용시키는 것에 대한 논의는 계속되었다. 농업상품에 관한 표준은 대체로 의무적(mandatory)인 경우가 많으며, 개발도상국의 입장에서는 아주 중요한 문제기 때문에 개발도상국을 위한 차별화된 대우를 요구하였다. 그러나 국제표준과 관련해서, 용어가 불분명하고 검역시스템 분야에서 국제표준화가 실질적으로 가능할 것인지에 대해서는 의문이 제기되었다.
우루과이라운드 협상의 초기에는 국제표준 관련해서, 국제표준을 완전히 준수하는 국내규정은 GATT 제20(b)조에 부합하는 것으로 간주하자는 의견이 제시되었다. 또한 국제표준을 완전히 준수하는 국내규정은 GATT 제20(b)조에 부합하는 것이 강하게 추정된다(strong presumption)는 완화된 주장이 등장하였다. 그러나 실제적으로는 무역에 영향을 미치는 조치에 대하여 Standards Code가 효과적이지 않다는 의견이 제시되기 시작하였다.
SPS 조치는 관련국제기관이 만든 적절한 표준을 기초로 하여 조화시키 나가야 하는데, 국제식품규격위원회(CAC), 국제수역사무국(OIE), 국제식물보호협약(IPPC)의 3개의 기관에 대하여, 미국, 케언스그룹, 북유럽국가들도 그 역할에 대하여 충분히 인지하고 있었다. 특히 북유럽국가들은 SPS 조치에 대하여 Code 형식으로 만드는 것이 가장 좋은 방법이라고 보았다.
SPS협정의 정의규정과 추정규정은 서로 세트로 움직이는 특징을 가지고 있다고 할 수 있다. 국제식품규격위원회(CAC), 국제수역사무국(OIE), 국제식물보호협약(IPPC)이 정의규정에 등장하고, 이러한 기관들이 만드는 표준 등이 GATT의 관련 규정에 합치하는 것으로 추정되는 효과를 가지는 것은 SPS협정이 GATT 제20(b)조를 기초로 하여 등장한 점 그리고 Draft Standards Code의 적용가능성에 대한 논의와 밀접한 관련이 있다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

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