유럽연합 규제기구의 기능과 정체성 변화: 정부간 네트워크에서 초국가 행위자로의 발전 = Changes in Function and Identity of EU's Regulatory Agencies: Transition to the Supranational Actors beyond on Intergovernmental Network

국문 초록 (Abstract)

규제기구는 유럽연합 거버넌스의 대리인화(agencification)로서 회원국의 이해구현을 위한 정부간 네트워크 형태로 출발하였지만 이사회를 위시한 외부기구로부터 직접적 개입과 간섭을 받지 않는 독립적 기구로 발전하고 있다. 회원국은 비대해진 유럽관료(Eurocrat)의 권한과 기능적 필요에 의해 유럽연합 차원에서 독립적인 정부간 기구 설립을 주도하였지만 시간이 경과하면서 당초의 의도와는 또 다른 방향으로 규제기구의 성격이 변화하고 있다. 일부 시장규제 감독 기능을 갖는 기구는 메로니 독트린(Meroni doctrine)을 넘어 미국의 규제기관과 유사하게 독립적인 기능을 갖는 기구로 발전하고 있다. 규제기구의 성격변화는 업무의 전문성 고양, 유럽위원회와의 수평적 협력, 유럽의회의 개입 그리고 메로니 독트린의 법률적 효력의 희석 등 여러 요인이 복합적으로 작용한 결과이다. 이러한 발전과정은 주인-대리인(principal-agent) 관계에서 기능적 필요에 기인하여 주인으로서 회원국의 통제를 벗어나 대리인인 규제기구의 자율성 확대로 이해 할 수 있다. 특별히 자유안전사법지대(AFSJ: Area of Freedom, Security and Justice) 분야의 규제기구의 자율성 확대는 다원적 주인(multi-principal)이 갖는 맹점과 대리인의 독단적인 역량 확대가 또 다른 요인으로 작용하였다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Regulatory agencies have been operated as an intergovernmental network to realize the interests of member states as the agencification of EU governance, however, they are developing into independent organizations which are not directly intervened or interfered by external organizations such as the Council of the EU. Also, member states have led to the establishment of independent intergovernmental organizations at the EU level due to their functional needs, but as time passes, the nature of regulatory agencies is changing in a different direction from the initial intention. As a result, some regulatory and observatory agencies are moving beyond Meroni doctrine in order to develop an independent functioning body similar to the US regulatory agencies. And multiple factors such as enhanced expertise of regulatory bodies, horizontal cooperation with the European Commission, interventions ofEuropean Parliament, and changes in Meroni doctrine led to the changes in regulatory agencies.
This development process can be understood by expanding the autonomy of regulatory agencies as an agent beyond the control of member states due to functional needs in the principal-agent relationship. In particular, the autonomy of regulatory agencies in the AFSJ can be resulted from the weak spots of multi-principal and the increased capacity of agents.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 채형복, "리스본조약" 국제환경규제 기업지원센터 2010

2 Egeberg, Morten, "The Quest for Order: Unravelling the Relationship Between the European Commission and European Union Agencies" 22 (22): 609-629, 2015

3 Monar, Jörg, "The Oxford Handbook of the European Union" Oxford University Press 613-626, 2014

4 Schout, Adriaan, "The Institutionalization of EU Agencies: Agencies as 'Mini Commissions" 89 (89): 418-432, 2011

5 Nugent, Neill, "The Government and Politics of the European Union" Palgrave 345-370, 2016

6 Trauner, Florian, "The European Parliament and Agency Control in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice" 35 (35): 784-802, 2012

7 Chiti, Edoardo, "The Emergence of a Community Administration: The Case of European Agencies" 37 (37): 309-343, 2000

8 De Moor, Alexandra, "The EUROPOL Council Decision:Transforming EUROPOL into an Agency of the European Union" 47 (47): 1089-1121, 2010

9 Busuioc, Madalina, "The Agency Phenomenon in the European Union Emergence, Institutionalisation and Everyday Decision-making" Manchester University Press 2012

10 Thatcher, Mark, "Regulation After Delegation: Independent Regulatory Agencies in Europe" 9 (9): 954-972, 2002

11 Lavenex, Sandra, "Policy-Making in the European Union" Oxford University Press 367-387, 2015

12 Buonanno, Laurie, "Policies and Policy Processes of the European Union" Palgrave Macmillan 226-250, 2013

13 Frontex, "Origin & Tasks"

14 EU Observer, "New EU public prosecutor has four staff for 3,000 cases"

15 Christian Kaunert, "Justice and Home Affairs Agencies in the European Union" Routledge 2015

16 "Judgment of the Court of 13 June 1958. Meroni & Co., Industrie Metallurgiche, SpA v High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community Case 9-56"

17 Versluis, Esther, "Improving Compliance with European Union Law via Agencies: The Case of the European Railway Agency" 51 (51): 316-333, 2013

18 Wonka, Arndt, "How Independent are EU Agencies?" 1-25, 2009

19 Curtin, Deirdre, "Holding(Quasi-)Autonomous EU Administrative Actors to Public Account" 13 (13): 423-541, 2007

20 European Commission, "HR Key Figures Staff Members"

21 European Parliament, "Fact Sheets on the European Union"

22 McCormick, John, "European Union Politics" Palgrave Macmillan 374-390, 2015

23 Borrás, Susana, "European Agencies and Input Legitimacy: EFSA, EMeA and EPO in the Post-Delegation Phase" 29 (29): 583-600, 2007

24 Busuioc, Madalina, "European Agencies Law and Practices of Accountability" Oxford University Press 13-43, 2013

25 Chamon, Merijn, "EU Agencies between Meroni and Romano or the Devil and The Deep Blue Sea" 49 (49): 1055-1075, 2012

26 Wonka, Arndt, "Credibility, Complexity and Uncertainty: Explaining the Institutional Independence of 29 EU Agencies" 33 (33): 730-752, 2010

27 "Council Regulation (EC, Euratom) No 1605/2002 of 25 June 2002 on the Financial Regulation Applicable to the General Budget of the European Communities"

28 "Council Regulation (EC) No 58/2003 of 19 December 2002 Laying Down the Statute for Executive Agencies to be Entrusted with Certain Tasks in the Management of Community Programmes"

29 "Council Decision 2009/371/JHA of 6 April 2009 Establishing the European Police Office(Europol)"

30 Huber, Katrin, "Codecision: A Practitioner's View From Inside the Parliament" 20 (20): 1040-1055, 2013

31 Egeberg, Morten, "Building Executive Power at the European Level. On the Role of EU-level Agencies" Advanced Research on the Europeanisation of the Nation-State 1-27, 2009

32 European Court of Auditors, "Audit of EU agencies in brief Introducing the European Court of Auditors’' 2017 annual report on EU agencies" 2018

33 European Commission, "Agencies and other EU bodies"

34 Busuioc, Madalina, "Accountability, Control and Independence: The Case of European Agencies" 15 (15): 599-615, 2009

35 CEPOL, "About Us"