Accumulating evidences suggested that melatonin, a pineal hormone, possesses antioxidant, neuroprotective, and cognitive enhancing effects. Although previous reports indicated that increase in neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) expression is relat...
Accumulating evidences suggested that melatonin, a pineal hormone, possesses antioxidant, neuroprotective, and cognitive enhancing effects. Although previous reports indicated that increase in neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) expression is related to the cognitive enhancing effect of melatonin, it remains to be determined whether melatonin receptor is involved in melatonin-mediated cognitive enhancing effect. In order to extend our understanding, effect of melatonin on the kainic acid (KA)-induced learning impairment was examined in this study.
Treatment with sub-convulsive dose of KA (0.04㎍/head, i.c.v.) did not show convulsive behavior or significant neuronal cell loss in the hippocampus of mice. However, this dose of KA induced significant memory impairment as evaluated by Morris water maze and passive avoidance task. Repeated treatment with melatonin (10 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly attenuated memory impairment induced by KA, and this cognitive enhancing effect of melatonin was significantly reversed by melatonin MT₂ receptor antagonist (4P-PDOT), but not by melatonin MT₁/MT₂ receptor antagonist (luzindole) or melatonin MT₃receptor antagonist (prazosin). Consistently, hippocampal melatonin MT₂ receptor protein expression was significantly reduced by KA injection, and treatment with melatonin significantly blocked KA-induced reduction in the MT₂ receptor expression. However, KA treatment did not affect melatonin MT₁ receptor expression.
KA-induced memory impairments were concomitant with significant hippocampal cholinergic dysfunction (decreases in acetylcholine, choline acetyltransferase, and muscarinic M1 receptor expression) and increase in oxidative stress markers (lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and reactive oxygen species). In addition, hippocampal expressions of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), NCAM, polysialic acid-NCAM (PSA-NCAM), protein kinase C (PKC) βI and βII subunits, and phospho-calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMK II) were significantly decreased by KA treatment. Treatment with melatonin significantly attenuated these changes induced by KA, and melatonin-mediated attenuation was significantly reversed by melatonin MT₂ receptor antagonist (4P-PDOT).
In summary, these results suggest that melatonin ameliorates KA-induced learning impairments via activating MT₂receptor.