북한 가톨릭교회의 변천에 관한 교회사적 고찰 : 남북 가톨릭교회의 화해와 일치를 중심으로 = A historical study of Catholic church on the changes of the Catholic church in North Korea — Focusing on the reconciliation and unity of Catholic churches in South and North Korea —

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper aims to investigate the birth and parish setting history of the Catholic Church in North Korea, the history of trials and tragedies caused by the persecution of the communist regime in North Korea after liberation, and to study efforts to achieve reconciliation and unity between the Catholic Church in South and North Korea. In the mid-19th century, the Catholic Church in North Korea grew to the extent that four dioceses were established, even during the Japanese colonial period. However, persecution by the communist regime from the liberation space to the Korean War caused the Catholic Church in North Korea to disappear. In the late 1980s, a new form of the North Korean Catholic Church emerged and is currently active through the ‘Catholic Association of Chosun’ and the ‘Changchung Cathedral’ in Pyongyang.
It is true that the establishment of the Joseon Catholic Association and the construction of Changchung Cathedral signaled the resumption of the Catholic Church in North Korea. However within the Catholic Church in South Korea, there is ongoing debate about the authenticity of this organization, as it is believed to be operating under the control of the North Korean regime. Furthermore, since the Catholic Church operates a common ecclesiastical system in every country worldwide, any country's religious policies that do not recognize this system undermine its universality. Consequently, the lack of autonomy resulting from North Korean authorities' control raises questions about the authenticity of the Catholic cpresence there. Therefore, for a realistic understanding and approach of the Catholic Church in North Korea today, an analysis of how the church exists within the North Korean socialist system and a multifaceted interpretation of its character will be needed. To this end, this paper analyzes, from a historical perspective, how the Catholic Church was introduced and grew in North Korea, its relationship with communist ideology, the process of its eradication, and how it was able to reemerge in the late 1980s.
The wounds of the ruthless repression and persecution of the Catholic Church by the North Korean communist regime remain deeply rooted within the Church. This paper aims to go beyond a superficial understanding of this history and seeks to understand the current Catholic Church in North Korea based on research into the various factors that have influenced it. Additionally, it intends to propose directions for the Catholic Churches in both South and North Korea to pursue reconciliation and unity. In this way, a diachronic study of the history of the Catholic Church will not only lead to a realistic understanding of the Catholic Churches in South and North Korea amid division but also empirically verify the changes experienced by the Catholic Church in North Korea. This will contribute to a better understanding of the direction the North Korean Catholic Church should take in the future and provide a vision for reconciliation and unity between the Catholic Churches of the South and North Korea.
In conclusion, for the Catholic Churches of South and North Korea to move toward reconciliation and unity, a comprehensive historical review of the Catholic Church in North Korea must precede. Therefore, this paper will comprehensively examine the history of the spread and development of the Gospel in the northern regions of the Korean Peninsula, the persecution and extermination by the North Korean communist regime before and after the Korean War, and the history of the Catholic Church in North Korea, which has gradually re-emerged and evolved in the atmosphere of reconciliation between the two Koreas since the 1970s.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Abstract iii
• 들어가는 말 1
• 제1장 한반도 북부 지방 복음화의 시작과 발전 4
• 1. 한반도 북부 지방의 복음 전래 4
• 1.1. 관서지방 복음화의 시작 4
• 1.2. 관북지방 복음화의 시작 7
• 2. 한반도 북부 지방의 교구 설정 11
• 2.1. 원산교구 설정: 성베네딕도회 11
• 2.2. 평양교구 설정: 메리놀외방선교회 16
• 2.2.1. 일제강점기 신사참배에 대한 평양교구의 대응 19
• 2.3. 연길교구 설정: 간도 지방의 한국교회 24
• 2.4. 황해도 감목대리구 설정 29
• 3. 소결론 33
• 제2장 해방 이후 공산정권의 박해와 북한 가톨릭교회의 대응 34
• 1. 해방 이후부터 북한 공산정권 수립기까지의 상황 35
• 1.1. 소련 군정의 종교정책 35
• 1.2. 북한 공산당의 종교정책과 북한교회의 대응 37
• 1.3. 북한 정권 수립과 가톨릭교회에 대한 박해 41
• 1.3.1. 덕원수도원(성베네딕도회) 박해 42
• 1.3.2. 함흥교구 박해 44
• 1.3.3. 평양교구 박해 46
• 2. 한국전쟁과 북한 가톨릭교회 49
• 2.1. 북한 가톨릭교회의 피해 49
• 2.2. 죽음의 행진과 생환 51
• 2.3. 북한 공산군에 대한 가톨릭교회의 대응 53
• 3. 북한 가톨릭교회 공동체의 남하와 정착 54
• 3.1. 성베네딕도회 54
• 3.2. 포교 성베네딕도수녀회 56
• 3.3. 영원한도움의성모수녀회 58
• 3.4. 북한 가톨릭교회 출신 교구 성직자 60
• 4. 소결론 62
• 제3장 북한 가톨릭교회와의 대화와 교류 역사 63
• 1. 한국전쟁 후 1960년대까지 북한의 종교정책 64
• 2. 1970년대 북한의 종교정책 변화와 종교단체의 재등장 67
• 2.1. 북한의 정치·사상적 변화 68
• 2.2. 북한 종교단체의 대외활동 전개 70
• 2.3. 조선기독교도련맹과 WCC의 교류 71
• 3. 북한 가톨릭교회와의 대화와 교류 72
• 3.1. 한국가톨릭교회의 북한선교부 설립과 고종옥 신부의 방북 73
• 3.2. 바티칸의 접촉과 대표단의 방북 77
• 3.3. 정의구현사제단과 평신도 단체들의 평화통일 운동 80
• 3.4. 조선천주교인협회 결성과 평양 장충성당 건립 82
• 4. 소결론 85
• 나오는 말 88
• 참 고 문 헌 93