포르노그래피의 자연사

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Our consumption of pornography has been evolving since its invention in human history and it has become a kind of a cultural phenomenon now. How could we understand it? In this paper, I am trying to understand the consumption behavior of pornography scientifically: How did pornography evolve? Why are there sexual differences in the consumption of pornography? What happens to our brain when we are watching it? How will it evolve in the future? To answer these interesting questions, first, I explore the evolution of human mating strategies in terms of evolutionary psychology. Then I analyse how the evolution of sex differences in mating strategies are related to gender differences in the consumption of pornography. From an evolutionary point of view, pornography could be understood as the byproduct of adaptation for male’s reproductive success. So then, how do our brains activate when we are exposed to pornography? I survey neurosciences of empathy and imitation which are closely related to the addiction to pornography and wide spreading of it among males’ brains. The human mirror neuron system is a possible candidate for the core mechanism of spreading of pornography. Because of the natural history and neurological underpinnings of pornography, now it has evolved as a meme (a unit of imitation, coined by Richard Dawkins) which is a quasi-autonomous agent. These evolutionary and neuroscientific approaches open new doors to understanding pornography.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 가담, 사이, "포르노 보는 남자, 로맨스 읽는 여자" 웅진지식하우스 2012

2 데닛, 대니얼, "주문을 깨다" 동녘사이언스 2010

3 장대익, "일반 복제자 이론 : 유전자, 밈,그리고 지향계" 한국과학철학회 11 (11): 1-33, 2008

4 도킨스, 리차드, "이기적 유전자" 을유문화사 2006

5 버스, 데이비드, "욕망의 진화" 사이언스북스 2007

6 시먼스 도날드, "섹슈얼리티의 진화" 한길사 2007

7 최재천, "살인의 진화심리학: 조선 후기의 가족 살해와 배우자 살해" 서울대학교 출판부 2003

8 블랙모어, 수전, "밈" 바다출판사 2010

9 야코보니, 마르코, "미러링 피플" 갤리온 2009

10 Salmon, C., "Warrior Lovers: Erotic Fiction, Evolution and Female Sexuality" Weidenfeld & Nicolson 2001

11 Dunbar, R, "The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology" Oxford UP 2007

12 Gottschall, J., "The Literary Animal: Evolution and the Nature of Narrative" Northwestern UP 2005

13 Barkow, J. H., "The Adapted Mind" Oxford UP 1992

14 Buss, David., "Sexual conflict: Evolutionary insights into feminist and the ‘battle of the sexes’, In Sex, Power, Conflict: Evolutionary and Feminist Perspectives" Oxford UP 296-318, 1996

15 Buss, David., "Sex Differences in Jealousy: Evolution, Physiology, and Psychology" 3 : 251-255, 1992

16 Ellis, B. J., "Sex Differences in Fantasy: An Evolutionary Psychological Approach" 27 : 527-556, 1990

17 Trivers, R. L., "Parental Investment and Sexual Selection, In Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man: 1871-1971" Aldine 136-179, 1972

18 Darwin, C., "On the Origin of Species" Murray 1859

19 Iacoboni, Marce, "Neurobiology of Imitation" 19 : 661-665, 2009

20 Rizzolatti, G., "Mirror Neurons: from Discovery to Autism" 200 (200): 223-237, 2010

21 Gallese, V., "Mirror Neuron Forum" 6 : 369-407, 2011

22 Carroll, J, "Literary Darwinism: Evolution, Human Nature, and Literature" Routledge 2004

23 Buss, D., "Jealousy and the Nature of Beliefs about Infidelity: Tests of Competing Hypotheses about Sex Differences in the United States, Korea, and Japan" 6 (6): 125-150, 1999

24 Gangestad, S. W., "Human Sexual Selection and Developmental Stability, In Evolutionary Social Psychology" Erlbaum 169-195, 1997

25 Pinker, S, "How the Mind Works" Norton 1997

26 Crawford, C., "Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology" Lawrence Erlbaum 1998

27 Buss, David., "Evolutionary Psychology" Allyn and Bacon 2004

28 Carroll, J, "Evolutionary Approaches to Literature and Drama, In The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology" Oxford UP 637-648, 2007

29 Dennett, D., "Darwin’s Dangerous Idea" Touchstone 1995

30 Mouras, H., "Activation of Mirror-Neuron System by Erotic Video Clips Predicts Degree of Induced Erection: an fMRI Study" 42 : 1142-1150, 2008