態(Voice)에 對한 硏究 : 受動構文을 中心으로 = A Study on Passive Voice

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Voice is the property of a verb which makes clear whether the subject of the verb performs the action or receives the action described by the verb. If the subject performs the action described by the verb, the verb is said to be in the active voice. The English passive is formed with an auxiliary, generally be, but often also get or become. As a rule the person or thing that is the centre of interest at the moment is made the subject of the sentence, and therefore the verb is in some cases put in the active, in others in the passive.
In the vast majority of cases the choice of the passive turn is due to one of the following reasons:
1. The active subject is unknown or cannot easily be stated.
2. The active subject is self-evident from the context.
3. There may be a special reason for not mentioning the active active subject.
4. The reason why the passive turn is preferred is generally the greater interest taken in the passive than in the active subject.
5. The passive turn may faciliatate the connextion of one sentence with another.
Adverbs of manner cannot be used in sentences containing "description" verbs because "description" verbs have no action. Only those sentences with transitive verbs that can readily accept adverbs of manner can undergo the passive.
In transformational Grammar, the phrase structure rules produce "active" sentences. "Passive" sentences are created from certain types of active sentences by an optional transformational rule.
(a) NP, Aux, Vt, NP, X ⇒ NP', Aux+be+En, Vt, by+NP, X.
But there are found problems to be solved in transformational process. Thus, manner adverbial should have as one of its realizations a dummy clement signifying that passive transformation must obligatorily apply. That is, we should rewrite a base rule (b) and formulate the passive transformation so as to apply to strings of the form (c) with an elementary transformation that substitutes the first NP for the dummy element passive and place the second NP in the position of the NP
(b) Manner→by passive
(c) NP-Aux-V-…-NP-…-by passive-…
Much remains in passive transformation to be do in the future.