The Adenylyl Cyclase Encoded by rutabaga Is Required for Larval Molting in Drosophila

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Hormonal control of insect growth and metamorphosis by neuroendocrine system is well established,
yet the cellular mechanism underlying the synthesis and release of insect hormones is not clearly
understood. Here we report that a novel enhancer detection line, rutlethal-1096, failed to molt from
second to third instar larvae, thus showing a lethal phenotype. Molecular cloning indicated that
the enhancer detector was inserted in the proximal promoter region of the rut-encoded adenylyl
cyclase (AC) gene. Similarly, the known rut alleles, rut1 and rut1084, were also found to be affected
mildly in their larval and pupal development. The enriched expression of the reporter gene lacZ
was detected in the ring gland that is an insect larval glandular organ secreting various hormones
involved in ecdysis. Taken together, our data suggest the rut-encoded AC plays a vital role in larval
molting, probably by regulating the function of ring glands.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Hormonal control of insect growth and metamorphosis by neuroendocrine system is well established,
yet the cellular mechanism underlying the synthesis and release of insect hormones is not clearly
understood. Here we report that a novel enhancer detection line, rutlethal-1096, failed to molt from
second to third instar larvae, thus showing a lethal phenotype. Molecular cloning indicated that
the enhancer detector was inserted in the proximal promoter region of the rut-encoded adenylyl
cyclase (AC) gene. Similarly, the known rut alleles, rut1 and rut1084, were also found to be affected
mildly in their larval and pupal development. The enriched expression of the reporter gene lacZ
was detected in the ring gland that is an insect larval glandular organ secreting various hormones
involved in ecdysis. Taken together, our data suggest the rut-encoded AC plays a vital role in larval
molting, probably by regulating the function of ring glands.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Perrimon N, "X-linked female-sterile loci in Drosophila melanogaster" 113 : 695-712, 1986

2 Bellen HJ, "Two Drosophila learning mutants, dunce and rutabaga, provide evidence of a maternal role for cAMP on embryogenesis" 121 : 432-444, 1987

3 Duerr JS, "Three Drosophilamutations that block associative learning also affect habituation and sensitization" 79 : 3646-3650, 1982

4 Smith WA, "The role of cyclic AMP in the regulation of ecdysone synthesis" 37 : 285-294, 1984

5 Levin LR, "The Drosophila learning and memory gene rutabaga encodes a Ca2+/calmodulin-responsive adenylyl cyclase" 68 : 479-489, 1992

6 Han P-L, "The Drosophila brain revisited by enhancer detection" 31 : 88-102, 1996

7 Bellen HJ, "The BDGP gene disruption project: single transposon insertions associated with 40% of Drosophila genes" 167 : 761-781, 2004

8 Chen Y, "Soluble adenylyl cyclase as an evolutionarily conserved bicarbonate sensor" 289 : 625-628, 2000

9 Tempel BL, "Reward learning in normal and mutant Drosophila" 80 : 1482-1486, 1983

10 Cann MJ, "Restricted expression of a truncated adenylyl cyclase in the cephalic furrow of Drosophila melanogaster" 210 : 34-40, 2000

11 Han P-L, "Preferential expression of the Drosophila rutabaga gene in mushroom bodies, neural centers for learning in insects" 9 : 619-627, 1992

12 Kamenetsky M, "Molecular details of cAMP generation in mammalian cells: a tale of two systems" 362 : 623-639, 2006

13 Chen CN, "Molecular analysis of cDNA clones and the corresponding genomic coding region of the Drosophila dunce+ locus, the structural gene for cAMP phosphodiesterase" 86 : 3599-3603, 1986

14 Livingstone MS, "Loss of calcium/calmodulin responsiveness in adenylate cyclase of rutabaga, a Drosophila learning mutant" 37 : 205-215, 1984

15 Tong JJ, "Life extension through neurofibromin mitochondrial regulation and antioxidant therapy for neurofibromatosis-1 in Drosophila melanogaster" 39 : 475-485, 2007

16 Richard DS, "Juvenile hormone bisepoxide biosynthesis in vitro by the ring gland of Drosophila melanogaster: a putative juvenile hormone in the higher Diptera" 86 : 1421-1425, 1989

17 Sunahara RK, "Isoforms of mammalian adenylyl cyclase: multiplicities of signaling" 2 : 168-184, 2002

18 Venkatesh K, "Interactions between the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and cyclic AMP signaling pathways regulate larval molting in Drosophila" 158 : 309-318, 2001

19 Roberts B, "In vitro activity of dipteran ring glands and activation by the prothoracicotropic hormone" 54 : 469-477, 1984

20 Wolf FW, "High-resolution analysis of ethanol-induced locomotor stimulation in Drosophila" 22 : 11035-11044, 2002

21 Lane ME, "Genetic investigation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase function in Drosophila development" 7 : 1229-1243, 1993

22 Qiu Y, "Genetic dissection of the learning/memory gene dunce of Drosophila melanogaster" 7 : 1447-1458, 1993

23 Harviea PD, "Genes expressed in the ring gland, the major endocrine organ of Drosophila melanogaster" 149 : 217-231, 1998

24 Ashburner M, "Drosophila: A LABORATORY HANDBOOK" Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press 2005

25 Buck J, "Cytosolic adenylyl cyclase defines a unique signaling molecule in mammals" 96 : 79-84, 1999

26 Gilbert LI, "Control and biochemical nature of the ecdysteroidogenic pathway" 47 : 883-916, 2002

27 Kim SK, "Conserved mechanisms of glucose sensing and regulation by Drosophila corpora cardiaca cells" 431 : 316-320, 2004

28 Henrich VC, "Comparison of ecdysteroid production in Drosophila and Manduca: pharmacology and cross-species neural reactivity" 30 : 239-254, 1995

29 Smith WA, "Calcium-cyclic AMP interactions in prothoracicotropic hormone stimulation of ecdysone synthesis" 39 : 71-78, 1985

30 Richard DS, "Allatostatic regulation of juvenile hormone production in vitro by the ring gland of Drosophila melanogaster" 68 : 153-161, 1990

31 Cooper DM, "Adenylyl cyclases and the interaction between calcium and cAMP signalling" 374 : 421-424, 1995

32 Cann MJ, "A new family of adenylyl cyclase genes in the male germline of Drosophila melanogaster" 210 : 200-206, 2000