현대 물리학의 철학적 관점에서 살펴본 칸트의 유산 = Legacy of Kant Viewed from the Philosophy of Contemporary Physics

국문 초록 (Abstract)

우리는 이 글에서 칸트의 『순수이성비판』을 준거로 현대 과학의 철학적 근거와 한계를 다루는 순수과학비판을 구상해보고자 한다. 이 과정에서 양자역학의 철학으로서 측정의 현상학과 모순의 현상학을 제안하고 이 두 현상학이 일관성이라는 전통적 이념을 어떻게 해체하는지를 살펴볼 것이다. 아울러 수학의 물리학에의 적용을 검토하면서 칸트의 『순수이성비판』의 한 버전인 순수수학비판을 함께 수행할 것이다. 이 과정에서 물리학에 적용되는 수학이 주제로 하는 시공간의 순수 형식이 독립적으로 혹은 가능태로서 존재한다는 수학적 실재론, 우리가 그것을 직관할 수 있다는 플라톤주의적 인식론 등이 순수 수학의 대상을 사물화(reify)하는 형이상학적 오류를 범하고 있다는 점을 비판할 것이다. 수학이 묘사하는 현실은 일종의 추상적 가상현실이며 그것에 어떠한 형이상학적 실재성을 부여하거나 그것과 우리 사이에 직관과 같은 특권적 교감을 설정할 필요가 없는 것이다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

It is obvious that Kant’s interpretation of classical physics cannot be blindly applied to contemporary physics. This could create an impression that Kantian interpretation is obsolete. This work aims to show that such an impression is completely false. Indeed, it is the purpose of this work to prove that Kantian insight is still fundamentally valid for the interpretation of contemporary physics. First, one of the founders of quantum mechanics, Niles Bohr, had acknowledged his indebtedness to Kant. Bohr’s proposed “Copenhagen Interpretation” claims that the nature of an observer’s experience of the world is determined by the degree of the his/her involvement. We will show that this very interpretation establishes the validity of Kantian interpretation. Second, logical empiricists such as Reichenbach and Schlick were adamantly opposed to Ernst Cassirer’s Kantian interpretation of relativity theory. Contrary to the view s of such logical empiricists, w e w ill show that the concept of a priori is not only immune from such empiricist refutations but also necessary for a proper interpretation of contemporary physics, both in the fields of theory of relativity as w ell as quantum mechanics. The Kantian question, “how are a priori synthetic judgments possible?”, is still valid, and it is the task of philosophers to provide a proper answer to it. Thus, this work will make a significant contribution by providing a unified interpretation of contemporary physics.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 루트비히 비트겐슈타인, "철학적 탐구" 아카넷 2016

2 이승종, "인간의 얼굴을 한 자연주의" 철학연구회 36 : 1995

3 이승종, "비트겐슈타인이 살아 있다면: 논리철학적 탐구" 문학과지성사 2002

4 이승종, "과학과 형이상학" 자유사상사 1993

5 Quine, W., "Word and Object" MIT Press 1960

6 Baker, G. P., "Wittgenstein: Rules, Grammar and Necessity, An Analytical Commentary on the Philosophical Investigations, vol. 2" Wiley-Blackwell 2009

7 Heidegger, M., "Was heißt Denken?" Niemeyer 1954

8 Kuhn, T., "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" University of Chicago Press 2012

9 Barrett, J., "The Quantum Mechanics of Minds and Worlds" Oxford University Press 1999

10 Feynman, R., "The Character of Physical Law" MIT Press 1985

11 Wittgenstein, L., "The Big Typescript" Blackwell 2005

12 Wigner, E., "Symmetries and Reflections" Indiana University Press 1967

13 Bell, J., "Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics" Cambridge University Press 1987

14 Heidegger, M., "Sein und Zeit" Niemeyer 1972

15 Wittgenstein, L., "Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics" MIT Press 1978

16 Reichenbach, H., "Relativitätstheorie und Erkenntnis Apriori" Springer 1920

17 McMahon D., "Relativity Demystified" McGraw-Hill 2006

18 McMahon D., "Quantum Physics Demystified" McGraw-Hill 2013

19 Albert, D., "Quantum Mechanics and Experience" Harvard University Press 1992

20 Whitehead, A., "Principia Mathematica, vol. 2" Cambridge University Press 1927

21 Whitehead, A., "Principia Mathematica, vol. 1" Cambridge University Press 1925

22 Drury, M., "Portraits of Wittgenstein, vol. 2" Bloomsbury Academic 2016

23 Hilbert, D., "Philosophy of Mathematics" Cambridge University Press 1983

24 Brouwer, L., "Philosophy of Mathematics" Cambridge University Press 1983

25 Schlick, M., "Philosophical Papers, vol. 1" Reidel 1979

26 Wittgenstein, L., "Philosophical Investigations" Wiley- Blackwell 2009

27 Carnap, R., "Philosophical Foundations of Physics" Basic Books 1966

28 Kockelmans, J., "Phenomenology and the Natural Sciences" Northwestern University Press 1970

29 Quine, W., "Ontological Relativity and Other Essays" Columbia University Press 1969

30 Ayer, A., "Language, Truth and Logic" Penguin Books 1975

31 Posy, C., "Kant’s Philosophy of Mathematics" Kluwer 1992

32 Posy, C., "Kant's Philosophy of Mathematics, 2 vols" Cambridge University Press

33 Russell, B., "Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy" George Allen & Unwin 1919

34 Hilbert, D., "Grundlagen der Geometrie" Teubner 1899

35 Kant, I., "Gesammelte Schriften" Walter deGruyter 1900

36 Kant, I., "Gesammelte Schriften" Walter deGruyter 1900

37 Heidegger, M., "Gelassenheit" Neske 1959

38 Quine, W., "From a Logical Point of View" Harper & Row 1953

39 Aspect, A., "Experimental Tests of Realistic Local Theories via Bell’s Theorem" 49 : 1981

40 Aspect, A., "Experimental Realization of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm Gedankenexperiment: A New Violation of Bell’s Inequalities" 49 : 1982

41 Friedman, M., "Dynamics of Reason" CSLI Publications 2001

42 Galileo, G., "Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo" Anchor Books 1957

43 Husserl, E., "Die Krisis der europäischen Wissenschaften und die transzendentale Phänomenologie" Nijhoff 1954

44 Frege, G., "Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik" Koebner 1884

45 Heidegger, M., "Die Frage nach dem Ding" Klostermann 1984

46 Heisenberg, W., "Das Naturbild der heutigen Physik" Rowohlt 1955

47 Rorty, R., "Consequences of Pragmatism" University of Minnesota Press 1982

48 Gödel, K., "Collected Works, vol. II" Oxford University Press 1990