일본의 육지측량부가 그린 만주- 오차노미즈대학 소장 군사 비밀 만주 지도를 중심으로 - = Japanese Empire Land Survey Maps on Manchuria: Maps of Military Secrets Held at Ochanomizu University

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Despite the fact that orders were given in Japan in 1945 to destroy all “important secret maps,” about 13,000 Japanese secret maps have been collected by Ochanomizu University. This is the largest such collection among universities in Japan. Because of their secret characteristics and quantity, these maps were not opened freely to scholars for a long period of time. In 2007, new map lists of the Ochanomizu University collection were issued, but they lacked detailed research.
In order to understand the larger picture of Japanese map production from the Meiji Restoration through 1945, this paper analyzes several subjects, including the map survey organization, map scales,surveying, and publishing periods, through 1,461 Manchuria-related secret military maps located at Ochanomizu University.
These maps, covering all of Manchuria, were surveyed and modified from 1909 into the 1940s. The Map Survey organization comprised 10different issuers: ① the Japanese Empire Land Survey (JELS); ② the Land Survey (LS); ③ the Land Survey/General Staff Office (GSO); ④the Temporary Land Survey (TLS)/General Staff Office; ⑤ the TLS (JELS); ⑥ the Guandong Agency (GA) owned but printed and published by the Land Survey; ⑦ the China Headquarters of Occupation Forces (CHOF); ⑧ the China Headquarters of Occupation Forces/Land Survey/General Staff Office; ⑨ the General Staff Office; and ⑩ the Guandong Army Survey (GAS) with the Japanese Empire Land Survey.
A deep analysis of these organizations reveals several important facts. First, maps were made by the Land Survey secretly and strategically in order to engage in warfare in the first Sino-Japanese war (1894-1895) and in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). Second,the China Headquarters of Occupation Forces succeeded the Land Survey after its dissolution. Third, the maps made by the General Staff Office specifically stressed military intentions. Fourth, maps owned by the Guandong Army especially depicted detailed military facilities in Guandong province. Even though Manzhouguo had its own Manzhouguo Survey, the Guandong Army Survey depicted important Manchurian military maps in Manchuria especially in preparation for another war with the Soviet Union. Fifth, about 93% of the maps were surveyed and published by the Japanese Empire Land Survey, which indicates that the Japanese Empire Land Survey essentially controlled all Japanese map-making.
Map scales existed in diversities of 1：10,000, 1：25,000, 1：50,000,1：100,000, 1：200,000, and 1：500,000. However, over 80% of the maps were in the scale of 1：50,000 and 1：100,000. This means that maps of most sizes in Manchuria contained societal and modernization (industrialization) information together with the military map as a standard. Over 70% of the maps were printed and published in 1932,1933, and 1935, meaning that Japan needed certain sizes of maps in order to rule Manchuria. Over time, the Japanese gradually gained control of Manzhouguo from the south to the north, after the state was established in 1932.
This study reveals that Japanese map production was deeply connected with imperialist expansion. In particular, the relationship between Japan and Manzhouguo as a puppet state or indirect colony is highlighted.

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