(A) study on boundaries and entry strategies in the planning of large-scale underground space

국문 초록 (Abstract)

현대 도시의 급격한 도시화와 고밀화는 공간 부족 문제를 심화시키며, 이에 따라 지하공간 개발이 새로운 공간적 가능성과 해결책으로 주목받고 있다. 특히, 지하공간은 물리적, 심리적, 사회적 측면에서 독특한 특성을 가지며, 단순한 공간 확장을 넘어 도시와의 새로운 관계를 형성할 수 있는 잠재력을 지닌다. 본 연구는 이러한 지하공간의 가능성을 탐구하며, 설계적 관점에서 경계와 진입방식이 가지는 중요성을 분석하여 대규모 지하공간 설계의 체계적 접근 방안을 제시한다.
본 논문은 “지하공간 위주의 지하건축물”을 연구 대상으로 한정하였다. 이는 단독으로 계획된 조건이 아닌, 주변 컨텍스트와의 연계 및 관계성을 고려해야 하는 공간적 특성을 중점으로 연구를 진행하기 위함이다. 특히, 지상에 건물이 없는 지하공간에서 지상과의 경계를 계획하는 방식을 중심으로 논의를 전개하였다. 이러한 한정된 대상 설정은 지상과 지하의 경계 문제를 집중적으로 고찰하고, 보다 명확한 설계적 논의를 가능하게 한다.
지하공간 설계에서 경계는 물리적 구분선 이상의 의미를 가지며, 사용자 경험과 공간 활용도를 결정짓는 핵심 요소로 작용한다. 본 연구는 경계를 법적, 물리적, 심리적, 경험적 차원에서 다각도로 분석하여, 지상과 지하 간의 관계를 재구성하는 설계적 가능성을 모색하였다. 또한, 진입방식은 공간의 접근성과 연결성을 결정짓는 중요한 요소로, 진입구의 배치와 위계 설정이 공간적 흐름과 사용자 경험에 미치는 영향을 심층적으로 고찰하였다. 특히, 보이드(Void), 오브제(Object), 지표면(Surface)이라는 세 가지 주요 경계 요소를 중심으로 지하공간의 외관과 정체성을 형성하는 방식을 분석하였다.
사례 연구로는 국내 주요 대학의 지하캠퍼스(고려대학교 중앙광장, 고려대학교 하나스퀘어, 이화여자대학교 ECC, 연세대학교 백양누리)를 선정하였다. 각 사례는 경계와 진입방식의 계획적 특징을 통해 사용자의 심리적 전환과 공간적 통합을 유도한 전략을 보여준다. 예를 들어, 중앙광장은 지형적 경계를 최소화하여 보행 동선의 연속성을 강조하고, 사용자가 자연스럽게 공간 전환을 경험하도록 설계하였다. 하나스퀘어는 중심부 진입구와 주변부 보조 진입구를 유기적으로 배치하여 공간 활용도를 극대화하였으며, ECC는 “계곡” 형태의 선큰 설계를 통해 경계의 모호성을 강조하여 지상에서 지하로의 자연스러운 전환을 유도하였다. 백양누리는 기존의 백양로 축을 활용하여 지상과 지하 간의 조화를 이루는 동시에, 선큰 공간과 에스컬레이터를 통해 지하로의 진입 과정을 시각적, 심리적으로 풍부하게 만드는 전략을 보여준다. 이외에도 프랑스 국립도서관, 환기미술관, 루브르 피라미드, 애플 스토어 맨해튼, 요코하마 국제여객터미널, 넥슨 애킨스 미술관, 까르띠에 현대미술재단, IIT대학 학생회관, 바이네케 고문서 도서관, 아모레퍼시픽 사옥 등 국내외 다양한 사례를 보완적으로 검토하며 설계적 통찰을 강화하였다.
첫째, 경계의 모호성은 지하공간 설계에서 지상과 지하 간의 심리적 전환을 자연스럽게 유도하며, 공간적 연결성을 강화하는 데 효과적임을 확인하였다. 경계를 흐릿하게 설계하면 사용자가 지하공간을 자연스럽게 받아들이게 되고, 이는 지상과 지하의 이분법적 구분을 해체하며 보다 유기적인 공간 경험을 제공한다.
둘째, 매개적 경계는 지상과 지하를 연결하며, 단순히 공간적 전환의 지점을 넘어 두 공간 간의 관계를 정의하고 재구성하는 역할을 한다. 이는 물리적 이동뿐 아니라 심리적 전환을 포함하여 사용자 경험의 질을 높이고, 공간적 연속성을 체감하게 만드는 설계적 도구로 기능한다.
셋째, 경계는 단순한 물리적 구분선이 아니라 지하공간의 외형적 정체성을 정의하는 핵심 요소이다. 지표면의 변형, 보이드(Void), 오브제(Object) 등을 통해 경계는 공간적 전환을 제공하고, 지하공간을 감각적·심리적으로 연결하며 새로운 외관적 정체성을 형성한다.
본 연구는 경계와 진입방식이 지하공간 설계에서 공간의 정체성과 사용자 경험에 미치는 영향을 통합적으로 분석함으로써, 지하공간 개발을 위한 새로운 설계 패러다임을 제시한다. 이를 통해 지하공간은 단순히 보조적 공간이 아니라, 도시와 건축이 상호작용하는 방식에서 유기적이고 독립적인 공간으로 자리 잡을 수 있는 가능성을 탐구하였다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Rapid urbanization and increasing urban density have intensified the issue of space shortages, positioning the development of underground spaces as a promising solution and an innovative spatial opportunity. Underground spaces exhibit unique physical, psychological, and social characteristics, offering the potential to establish new relationships with the urban environment beyond mere spatial expansion. This study investigates the potential of underground spaces by analyzing the significance of boundaries and access methods from a design perspective, aiming to propose a systematic approach to large-scale underground space design.
The study focuses on "underground architecture centered on underground spaces," specifically addressing spaces that must consider their relationship with surrounding contexts rather than being planned in isolation. The research centers on planning boundaries in underground spaces without aboveground structures, allowing for an in-depth exploration of the challenges and opportunities associated with boundary design, leading to more defined and focused discussions.
In underground space design, boundaries are more than physical dividing lines; they play a pivotal role in shaping user experience and spatial utilization. This study examines boundaries from legal, physical, psychological, and experiential perspectives, exploring design possibilities to redefine the relationship between aboveground and underground spaces. Additionally, access methods, which determine spatial accessibility and connectivity, are investigated in-depth, with a focus on how entry layouts and hierarchies influence spatial flow and user experience. Central to this analysis are three key boundary elements—Void, Object, and Surface—that collectively shape the exterior appearance and identity of underground spaces.
Case studies include the major underground campuses of South Korea: Korea University’s Central Plaza, Korea University’s Hana Square, Ewha Womans University’s ECC, and Yonsei University’s Baekyang-nuri. These examples illustrate strategic approaches to facilitating psychological transitions and spatial integration through boundary and entry design. For instance, Central Plaza minimizes topographical boundaries, emphasizing the continuity of pedestrian pathways and enabling seamless spatial transitions. Hana Square employs an organic arrangement of central and auxiliary entrances to maximize spatial utility, while ECC’s valley-inspired sunken design blurs boundaries, fostering a natural transition between aboveground and underground spaces. Baekyang-nuri leverages the existing Baekyang-ro axis to harmonize aboveground and underground spaces while enhancing the visual and psychological richness of entry processes through sunken spaces and escalators.
Supplementary analyses of domestic and international examples—such as Bibliotheque Nationale de France, Whanki Museum, Louvre Pyramid, Apple Fifth Avenue Store, Yokohama International Passenger Terminal, Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Cartier Foundation for Contemporary Art, IIT McCormick Tribune Campus Center, Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library, and Amorepacific Headquarters—enhance the study with broader design insights.
The findings reveal the following:
First, ambiguity in boundaries effectively facilitates natural psychological transitions between aboveground and underground spaces, enhancing spatial connectivity. Blurred boundaries allow users to accept underground spaces more naturally, dismantling the dichotomy between aboveground and underground and fostering an organic spatial experience.
Second, mediating boundaries connect aboveground and underground spaces, functioning not merely as transitional points but as tools to redefine and restructure their relationships. These boundaries elevate the quality of user experience by facilitating both physical and psychological transitions, enabling users to perceive spatial continuity.
Third, Boundaries between aboveground and underground spaces, beyond serving as physical dividers, play a pivotal role in defining the exterior identity of underground spaces. By incorporating transformed surfaces, voids, and objects, these boundaries facilitate seamless spatial transitions while connecting underground spaces to sensory and psychological experiences, ultimately establishing distinctive visual identities.
This study provides a comprehensive analysis of how boundaries and access methods influence the identity and user experience of underground spaces, proposing a new paradigm for their design and development. It underscores the potential of underground spaces to transcend their auxiliary roles, establishing themselves as integral and independent spaces within urban contexts while reimagining the interaction between urban environments and architectural design.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• LIST OF FIGURES
• LIST OF TABLES
• ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH
• 1. Introduction
• 1.1 Background and Purpose of the Study
• 1.1.1 Background of the Study
• 1.1.2 Purpose of the Study
• 1.2 Scope and Methodology of the Study
• 1.2.1 Scope of the Study
• 1.2.2 Structure of the Study
• 1.2.3 Research Methodology
• 1.3 Introduction of Case Sites
• 1.3.1 Reasons for Selecting Underground Campuses
• 1.3.2 Overview and Selection Criteria of Case Sites
• 1.3.3 Comparison of Case Sites
• 2. Conceptual Exploration of the Boundary Between Aboveground and Underground Spaces and Entry Methods to Underground Spaces
• 2.1 Various Interpretations of the Boundary Between Aboveground and Underground Spaces
• 2.1.1 Boundary by Legal Interpretation
• 2.1.2 Boundary by Ground Level
• 2.1.3 Boundary by 'Process from Aboveground-Exterior to Underground-Interior'
• 2.1.4 Boundary between the Interior and Exterior Based on Ground Surface
• 2.1.5 Boundary Defined by the Eye Level of the User
• 2.1.6 Boundary by Spatial Scale Perception
• 2.1.7 Relative Relationship between the Ground Level and Roof Surface
• 2.1.8 Boundary from the Perspective of Disjunction Theory
• 2.1.9 Brief Conclusion
• 2.2 Various Perspectives on Entry Methods into Underground Spaces
• 2.2.1 Perspectives Based on the Types of Entry Methods
• 2.1.2 Perspective Based on Plane
• 2.2.3 Perspective Based on Space
• 2.2.4 Brief Conclusion
• 3. Contextual Interpretation of the Underground Space
• 3.1 Elements Constituting the Context of the Underground Space
• 3.1.1 Historicity and Identity of the Ground Surface
• 3.1.2 Network System of the Ground Surface
• 3.1.3 Shape of the Ground Surface
• 3.2 Relationship between the Ground Surface and Underground Space
• 3.2.1 Methods of Establishing Relationships
• 3.2.2 Analysis Framework for Underground Space Context
• 3.2.3 Analysis of Context-Related Cases in Underground Spaces
• 3.3 Conclusion
• 4. Entry Placement Strategy and Hierarchy
• 4.1 Entrance Placement Methods
• 4.1.1 Centralized Entrance Layout
• 4.1.2 Distributed Entrance Layout
• 4.1.3 Comparison and Application of the Layout Methods
• 4.1.4 Case Analysis of the Entrance Placement Method
• 4.2 Hierarchy of Entrances
• 4.2.1 Necessity and Criteria for Establishing Entrance Hierarchy
• 4.2.2 Equal Hierarchy Approach
• 4.2.3 Differentiated Hierarchy Method
• 4.2.4 Analysis of entrance placement methods and hierarchy-related cases
• 4.3 Conclusion
• 4.3.1 Comparison of Centralized and Distributed Entry Layouts
• 4.3.2 Diverse Interpretations of ECC’s Entry Layout
• 4.3.3 Non-Correlation Between Entry Hierarchy and the Influence of Underground Networks
• 5. Architectural Approach as a Boundary Element
• 5.1 Boundary Type between Above- and Underground
• 5.2 The Void as a Boundary Element
• 5.2.1 Conceptual Definition of Void
• 5.2.2 The Role of Sunken Spaces as Voids in Underground Spaces
• 5.2.3 Considerations for Void Planning as the Boundary
• 5.2.4 Case Analysis of the Void
• 5.3 The Object as a Boundary Element
• 5.3.1 Conceptual Definition of Objects
• 5.3.2 The Role of Buildings as Objects in Underground Spaces
• 5.3.3 Considerations for Object Planning as the Boundary
• 5.3.4 Case Analysis of the Object
• 5.4 The Ground Surface as a Boundary Element
• 5.4.1 Conceptual Definition of the Ground Surface
• 5.4.2 The Role of the Ground Surface as a Boundary
• 5.5 Conclusion
• 6. Conclusion
• 6.1 The Potential of Designing Underground Spaces Through Ambiguous Boundaries
• 6.2 Mediating Boundaries: Connecting Aboveground and Underground
• 6.3 Boundaries as the Defining Identity of Underground Spaces
• REFERENCES
• ABSCTRACT IN KOREAN

참고문헌 (Reference)

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