퍼즐 기반 학습에서 초등정보영재의 컴퓨팅적 문제 해결 접근법 분석 = The Analysis of Informatics Gifted Elementary Students' Computational Problem Solving Approaches in Puzzle-Based Learning

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구에서는 퍼즐 기반 학습에서 이루어지는 초등정보영재의 컴퓨팅적 문제 해결 접근법을 분석함으로써 퍼즐 기반 학습의 체계적 개선을 위한 시사점을 도출하고자 하였다. 이를 위해, 제약조건, 최적화, 확률, 통계, 패턴인식, 전략의 6가지 유형별 교육용 퍼즐을 구성하고 초등정보영재를 대상으로 퍼즐 기반 학습을 수행하였다. 또한 각 퍼즐 유형에 따른 학습자의 문제 해결 접근법을 확인하기 위해 사전 사후검사 결과의 정답률 및 정답자와 오답자의 문제 해결 접근법을 비교 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 각 퍼즐 유형별 빈번한 오류 발생의 원인인 몇 가지 양식 오류와 다양한 직관들을 확인하였으며, 오답자들은 '백트래킹', '동적 프로그래밍', '추상화', '모델링', '문제 축소'와 같은 컴퓨팅적 전략을 적용하지 못함으로 인해 완전한 해법에 도달하지 못한다는 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 분석 결과를 토대로 퍼즐 문제 표현 방식의 개선, 인지적 피드백의 적시 제공, 퍼즐 기반 학습 지원을 위한 웹 기반 시스템 개발 등 퍼즐 기반 학습 개선 방안을 제안하였다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this study is to propose strategies of puzzle-based learning for Informatics gifted education through analyzing Informatics gifted elementary students' computational problem solving approaches in puzzle-based learning contexts. Six types of educational puzzles, which are constraints, optimization, probability, statistically speaking, pattern recognition, and strategy, were used in teaching 14 Informatics gifted students for 8 sessions. The results of pre and post test and each students' answers were analyzed to identify why students were not able to solve the puzzles. We also analysed what essential computational strategies are needed to solve each type of puzzles, and what students did not know in solving puzzle problems. We identified some problems caused by puzzle representation methods, and various students' intuitions that disturb puzzle solving. Also, we identified essential computational strategies to solve puzzles: backtracking, dynamic programming, abstraction, modeling, and reduction of big problem. However, students had difficulties in applying these strategies to solve their puzzle problems. We proposed the revised puzzle-based learning strategies, which is based on the improved problem representation, just-in-time cognitive feedbacks, and web-based learning system.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 최정원, "초등정보영재 교육을 위한 퍼즐 기반 학습 가능성 탐색" 한국컴퓨터교육학회 16 (16): 9-16, 2013

2 J. J. Lu, "Thinking about computational thinking" 2009

3 U. Thomas, "The crossword puzzle : An aid to learning" 12 (12): 79-86, 1979

4 J. E. Pretz, "The Psychology of Problem Solving" Cambridge University Press 3-30, 2003

5 T. D. Crute, "Sudoku puzzles as chemistry learning tools" 84 (84): 612-613, 2007

6 NAS, "Report of a workshop on the scope and nature of computational thinking" National Academies Press 2011

7 N. J. G. Falkner, "Puzzle-Based Learning: The First Experiences" 2009

8 N. Falkner, "Puzzle-Based Learning for Engineering and Computer Science" PP (PP): 20-28, 2010

9 Z. Michalewicz, "Puzzle Based Learning: Introduction to critical thinking, mathematics, and problem solving" Hybrid Publishers 2010

10 Department for Education, "National curriculum in England: computing programmes of study"

11 B. Parhami, "Motivationg computer engineering freshmen through mathematical and logical puzzle" 52 (52): 360-364, 2009

12 A. Newell, "Human problem solving" Prentice-Hall

13 S. Jeremy, "Einstein’s Riddle: Riddles, Paradoxes, and Conundrums to Stretch Your Mind" Bloomsbury USA 10-11, 2009

14 T. P. Carter, "Crossword puzzles in the foreign language classroom" 58 (58): 112-115, 1979

15 K. Brennan, "Creative Computing: A designbased introduction to computational thinking"

16 J. M. Wing, "Computational thinking and thinking about computing" 366 : 3717-3725,

17 I. Lee, "Computational Thinking for Youth in Practice" 2 (2): 32-37, 2011

18 J. M. Wing, "Computational Thinking" 49 (49): 33-35, 2006

19 S. Barab, "Cambridge Handbook of The Learning Sciences" Cambridge University Press 153-169, 2006

20 The CSTA Stardards Task Force, "CSTA K-12Computer Science Standards"

21 K. E. Merrick, "An empirical evaluation of Puzzle-Based Learning as an interest approach for teaching introductory computer science" 53 (53): 677-680, 2010

22 W. Jun, "A Study on the Current Status and Improvement Plan of Gifted Information Education Curriculum for Creative Human Resource Development" 30 (30): 17-23, 2012

23 강대기, "A Case Study of Puzzles Solving Applied to Programming Practice" 한국공학교육학회 13 (13): 3-6, 2010