Investigation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Bee-venom Acupuncture in a Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease by Using Immunohistochemistry and <i>In−vivo</i> ¹H Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy at 9.4 T

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Neuroprotective therapeutics slows down the degeneration process in animal models of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The neuronal survival in PD animal models is often measured by using immunohistochemistry. However, dynamic changes in the pathology of the brain cannot be explored with this technique. Application of <i>in-vivo</i> ¹H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H MRS) can cover this shortcoming, as these techniques are non-invasive and can be repeated over time in the same animal. Thus, the sensitivity of both techniques to measure changes in the PD pathology was explored in an experiment studying the neuroprotective effects of the vigilance enhancer bee-venom (BV) in a mouse model of PD. The mice were pre-treated with 0.02-ml BV administered to the acupuncture point GB34 (Yangneungcheon) once every 3 days for 2 weeks. Three groups were classified as control, MPTP-intoxicated PD model and BV-treated mice. Outer volume suppression combined with the ultra-short echo-time STEAM (TE = 2.2 ms, TM = 20 ms, TR = 5000 ms) was used for localized <i>in-vivo</i> ¹H MRS. Based on the ¹H MRS spectral analysis, substantial changes of the neurochemical profiles were evaluated in the three investigated groups. In particular, the glutamate complex (Glx)/creatine (Cr) ratio (7.72 ± 1.25) in the PD group was significantly increased compared to that in the control group (3.93 ± 2.21, P = 0.001). Compared to the baseline values, the Glx/Cr ratio of the BV-treated group was significantly decreased 2 weeks after MPTP intoxication (one-way ANOVA, p < 0.05). In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that neurochemical alterations occurred in the three groups and that the neuroprotective effects of the BV acupuncture in a mouse model of PD could be quantified by using immunohistochemistry and ¹H MRS.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 O. Rascol, 57 : 567-, 1994

2 N. Kickler, 22 : 207-, 2009

3 E. C. Hirsch, 23 : S78-, 2000

4 J. P. Bolam, 196 : 527-, 2000

5 S. Robelet, 20 : 1255-, 2004

6 D. J. Son, 115 : 246-, 2007

7 D. Eidelberg, 22 : 305-, 2000

8 D. T. Dexter, 52 : 381-, 1989

9 H. W. Kim, 65 : 349-, 2003

10 N. Orsoli´c, 41 : 861-, 2003

11 S. H. Choi, 31 : 321-, 2003

12 D. S. Wishart, 6 : 135-, 1995

13 K. A. Jellinger, 86 : 55-, 2001

14 J. P. Wisor, 21 : 1787-, 2001

15 W. Dauer, 39 : 889-, 2003

16 S. Jeon, 8 : 4822-, 2008

17 H. J. Park, 1 : 93-, 2003

18 S. Hunot, M. Vila and P. Teismann, 101 : 665-, 2004

19 A. Naressi, 12 : 141-, 2001

20 S. van Huffel, 110 : 228-, 1994

21 C. Cudalbu, 20 : 104034-, 2009

22 M. Gottschalk, 21 : 507-, 2008

23 M. Gerlach, 103 : 987-, 1996

24 V. Jackson-Lewis, 4 : 257-, 1995

25 A. Kupsch, 741 : 85-, 1996

26 J. D. Lee, 2 : 79-, 2005

27 D. O. Moon, 7 : 1092-, 2007

28 T. Higuchi, 37 : 851-, 1997

29 J. B. Clark, 20 : 271-, 1998

30 C. E. Clarke, 8 : 573-, 2001

31 M. J. Firbank, 14 : 64-, 2002

32 N. Kickler, 20 : 757-, 2007

33 M. Podell, 179 : 159-, 2003

34 P. M. Groves, 58 : 593-, 1994

35 M. T. Taber, 15 : 3896-, 1995

36 C. W. Olanow, 16 : 439-, 1993

37 송정열, "蜂藥鍼液이 Scopolamine으로 誘發된 記憶 障碍에 미치는 影響" 대한침구의학회 23 (23): 103-115, 2006

38 남궁우, "Inhibition of COX-2 Activity and Proinflammatory Cytokines (TNF-α and IL 1 β) Production by Water-Soluble Sub-Fractionated Parts from Bee(Apis mellifera) Venom" 대한약학회 26 (26): 383-388, 2003