This study aimed to identify the factors (victim type, children's connectedness to nature, judgment reasoning type) that can explain children's moral judgment about environmentally harmful behaviors and clarify their relationships, thereby providing d...
This study aimed to identify the factors (victim type, children's connectedness to nature, judgment reasoning type) that can explain children's moral judgment about environmentally harmful behaviors and clarify their relationships, thereby providing direction for young children's environmental and sustainable development education. To achieve this goal, a research method based on the Norm Activation Model Theory was designed, and research questions were established based on the Social Domain Theory and Biophilia Hypothesis. Specifically, the study examined whether there are differences in children's moral judgment and reasoning about environmentally harmful behaviors according to the victim type and whether these differences are moderated by the children's connectedness to nature. The study also explored which reasoning type (ecocentric, anthropocentric, and non-environmental) significantly explained children's moral judgment about environmentally harmful behavior.
The study was conducted with 185 five-year-old children and their mothers from 20 kindergartens and daycare centers in Seoul, Gyeonggi, Daejeon, Jeollabuk-do (Jeonju, Iksan, and Gunsan). Mothers responded to a survey on their children's connectedness to nature and their engagement in environmentally friendly activities with their children. The teachers reported the number of days the children experienced environmental education in their kindergartens or daycare centers.
The children participated in two separate interview sections. During the first session, they completed a language comprehension test and a task designed to assess their recognition of animals and plants featured in the video. In another session, the children were randomly assigned to one of five groups based on the type of video they were shown: one with an unspecified victim, one with a human victim, one with an animal victim, one with a plant victim, and a group that was not shown any video. Children assigned to the no video presentation group served as the control group, and these children directly undertook a 'moral judgment on environmentally harmful behaviors task' without watching any video. The children assigned to the other four groups watched the video and then completed the task. The video presented information about the outcomes of environmentally harmful behaviors depending on the type of victim.
The collected data were analyzed using the frequencies, percentages, and Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) in SPSS Win 27.0.
The main findings of the study were as follows:
Firstly, children's moral judgment on environmentally harmful behaviors varied depending on the victim types. The children judged environmentally harmful behaviors more negatively when an unspecified or human victim was presented, compared to when no video was shown. However, the moral judgment of children on environmentally harmful behavior based on the type of victim was not moderated by children's connectedness to nature.
Secondly, the reasoning for children's moral judgment varied depending on the victim type, and this variation was moderated by their connectedness to nature. The children used more ecocentric reasons when unspecified victim or non-human victims (animal or plant) were presented, compared to when no video was shown. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in the use of ecocentric reasoning by children when they viewed videos with unspecified victims, animal victims, or plant victims. This trend was more pronounced than in situations without video presentations and became even more apparent as the children's nature connectedness increased.
Children used more anthropocentric reasoning when presented with human victims in the video than when no video was shown. When a human was perceived as the victim, compared to having no video presentation, children with lower connectedness to nature provided more anthropocentric reasons. Moreover, children offered fewer non-environmental reasons when any video (unspecified, human, animal, or plant victims) was shown compared to when no video was presented. When an animal or plant was presented as the victim, children with higher connectedness to nature provided fewer non-environmental reasons than when no video was shown.
Thirdly, non-environmental and ecocentric reasoning was found to explain children's moral judgment about environmentally harmful behaviors. Children considered environmentally harmful behaviors more severe when considering these actions concerning the environment and evaluated them from an ecocentric perspective. This result indicates that children who view harmful behaviors through an ecological lens tend to recognize the seriousness of these actions more acutely.
The findings of this study confirm that the victim types, children's connectedness to nature, and the type of reasoning used can explain children's moral judgment on environmentally harmful behaviors. The study revealed that children e the severity of environmentally harmful actions differently depending on the victim types, and they use different reasons based on the specific victim involved. This variation is moderated by the children's connectedness to nature. Additionally, it was found that environmental reasoning (especially ecocentric reasoning) is critical in explaining children's moral judgment on environmentally harmful behaviors. This suggests the need to consider the victims of environmentally harmful actions and the types of reasons used in assessing these actions in environmental and sustainable development education for young children. It also highlights the importance of exploring ways to enhance children’s connectedness to nature.