한국 중세 漕運史 시기 구분 試論 = An Essay on the Period Classification of Marine Transportation History during the Middle Age in Korea

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study attempted a period classification of the marine transportation system, which was the characteristic of the middle age in Korea, based on the characteristics of operation method. According to the result of this study, the marine transportation history during the middle age in Korea can be classified as following. The 1st period is Jeonunsa (marine transportation officer, 轉運使) system, the 2nd period is Jochang (marine transportation warehouse, 漕倉) system, the 3rd period is marine transportation system led by county/province, the 4th period is marine transportation system supported by navy and the 5th period is marine transportation by renting private vessels. However, this classification has limitation in explaining the marine transportation policy direction of the royal government at the time and verifying the interaction between different marine transportation systems.
Accordingly, this study reestablished the period classification of marine transportation history based on the Jochang (marine transportation warehouse, 漕倉) system, which had absolute position in the marine transportation system. The new classification is as following. The 1st period is Jochang system preparation period, the 2nd period is Jochang system establishmentㆍdevelopment period, the 3nd period is Jochang system decline period, the 4nd period is Jochang system recovery period, the 5nd period is Jochang system weakening period. The Jochang system changes period began form 14th century. Until the 13th century, the Jochang system was dominating marine transportation; however, during the Jochang system changes period from 14th century till 19th century, the Jochang system and other marine transportation systems were operated in parallel. For example, counties and provinces took the role of Jochang (warehouse) in the 3rd period. Likewise, navy took the role of Jochang (warehouse) in the 4th period and marine transportation system went on by renting private vessels during the 5th period.
Meanwhile, the royal government during early Joseon period actively pushed marine transportation policy for the recovery of Jochang system; however, the Jochang system could not settle down as dominating marine transportation system during the Joseon period. The reason is believed that the Jochang system could not secure stable supply of labor required for marine transporation system. During the Goryeo period, the Jochang-min people, who were on similar social status with the Bugok-in people, did the labor required for marine transportation system. However, the Bugok system was abolished in Joseon period and common people were mobilized for the labor required for marine transportation system. Therefore, it became very difficult to get required labor. Accordingly, navy supported marine transportation system during the 4th period. In the end of 16th century, government changed its marine transportation policy and rented private vessels for the operation of marine transportation system.

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