Managing indoor environments and energy in buildings with integrated intelligent systems

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• 1 Introduction = 1
• 1.1 Energy and Building Sector = 1
• 1.2 Energy Regulation = 5
• 1.3 Energy Certification = 5
• 1.4 EU Directives and Standards = 6
• 1.5 The Implementation of EPBD and the Recast of EPBD in Europe = 9
• References = 10
• 2 Review and State of the Art on Methodologies of Buildings' Energy-Efficiency Classification = 13
• 2.1 Introduction = 13
• 2.2 Review on Building Energy-Efficiency Benchmarking Methods = 13
• 2.3 Review on Energy Rating Methodologies = 20
• 2.4 Review on Energy Labeling Methods = 23
• 2.5 Review on Integrated Building Energy Classification Methods = 25
• References = 29
• 3 Office Building Simulation Models and Simplified Audits = 33
• 3.1 Introduction = 33
• 3.2 The Simulation Model Description = 36
• 3.2.1 TRNBuild Input Data = 36
• 3.2.2 Model Output Data = 37
• 3.2.3 TRNSYS Files = 41
• 3.3 Small Audits of Case Study Office Buildings = 42
• 3.3.1 Building Data Collection = 42
• 3.3.2 The Office Buildings' Simulations in TRNSYS = 46
• 3.4 Conclusions = 48
• References = 49
• 4 Detailed Audit and Detailed Case-Study Building Model : Virtual Building Dataset(VBD) for Benchmarking and Classification of Office Buildings = 51
• 4.1 Part A : Detailed Audit and Detailed Case Study Building Model in Central Athens, Greece = 51
• 4.1.1 Introduction = 51
• 4.1.2 General Information = 52
• 4.1.3 Envelope Data = 53
• 4.1.4 Mechanical／Electrical Equipment Description = 53
• 4.1.5 The BMS System = 57
• 4.1.6 The Simulation Model of Byte Building = 97
• 4.2 Part B : Virtual Building Dataset(VBD) for Benchmarking and Classification of Office Buildings = 115
• 4.2.1 Virtual Building Dataset(VBD) for Benchmarking and Classification of Office Buildings = 115
• 4.2.2 VBD Results = 126
• 4.2.3 Classification According to CEN Standard Using VBD = 132
• 4.2.4 Adaptability of VBD = 135
• 4.2.5 Conclusions = 136
• References = 139
• 5 Environmental Rating of Buildings = 143
• 5.1 Introduction = 143
• 5.2 Summary Table of Credits = 144
• 5.3 Sustainable Sites(SS) = 146
• 5.3.1 Control of Erosion and Sedimentation = 146
• 5.3.2 Site Selection = 146
• 5.3.3 Development Density = 147
• 5.3.4 Brownfield Redevelopment = 148
• 5.3.5 Alternative Transportation(Public Transportation Access) = 148
• 5.3.6 Alternative Transportation(Bicycle Storage and Changing Rooms) = 149
• 5.3.7 Alternative Transportation(Low-Emitting and Fuel-Efficient Vehicles) = 149
• 5.3.8 Alternative Transportation(Parking Capacity) = 150
• 5.3.9 Minimized Site Disturbance(Protect or Restore Open Space) = 150
• 5.3.10 Stormwater Design(Quality Control) = 151
• 5.3.11 Stormwater Design(Quantity Control) = 151
• 5.3.12 Heat Island Effect(Nonroof) = 152
• 5.3.13 Heat Island Effect(Roof) = 152
• 5.3.14 Light Pollution Reduction = 153
• 5.4 Water Efficiency(WE) = 154
• 5.4.1 Efficient Water Management(Reduce by 50％) = 154
• 5.4.2 Efficient Water Management(Wastewater Use or Avoid Irrigation) = 154
• 5.4.3 Innovative Wastewater Technologies and Water Use Reduction = 155
• 5.5 Energy and Atmosphere(EA) = 155
• 5.5.1 Fundamental Commissioning of Building Energy Systems = 155
• 5.5.2 Minimum Energy Performance = 156
• 5.5.3 CFC Reduction of Heating and Cooling Systems = 157
• 5.5.4 Optimize Energy Performance = 157
• 5.5.5 Renewable Energy Sources(5％) = 158
• 5.5.6 Renewable Energy Sources(10％) = 159
• 5.5.7 Renewable Energy Sources(20％) = 159
• 5.5.8 Ozone Protection = 160
• 5.5.9 Measurement and Verification = 160
• 5.5.10 Green Power = 161
• 5.6 Materials and Resources(MR) = 161
• 5.6.1 Storage and Collection of Recyclables = 161
• 5.6.2 Building Reuse - (75％ Maintain of the Existing Building Envelope) = 162
• 5.6.3 Building Reuse - (100％ Maintain of the Existing Building Envelope) = 162
• 5.6.4 Building Reuse - (100％ Maintain of the Existing Building Envelope and 50％ Maintain of the Existing Interiors) = 163
• 5.6.5 Construction Waste Management(50％ Reduction of Waste Going to the Dump) = 164
• 5.6.6 Construction Waste Management(75％ Reduction of Waste Going to the Dump) = 164
• 5.6.7 Materials Reuse(5％) = 165
• 5.6.8 Materials Reuse(10％) = 165
• 5.6.9 Recycled Content(5％) = 166
• 5.6.10 Recycled Content(10％) = 166
• 5.6.11 Regional Materials(20％ Regionally Manufactured) = 167
• 5.6.12 Regional Materials(35％ Regionally Manufactured) = 168
• 5.6.13 Rapidly Renewable Materials = 168
• 5.7 Indoor Environmental Quality(IEQ) = 169
• 5.7.1 Minimum Indoor Air Quality Performance = 169
• 5.7.2 Environmental Tabacco Smoke(ETS) Control = 170
• 5.7.3 Carbon Dioxide(CO₂) Levels Monitoring = 170
• 5.7.4 Low-Emitting Materials(Adhesives and Sealants) = 171
• 5.7.5 Low-Emitting Materials(Paints and Coatings) = 171
• 5.7.6 Low-Emitting Materials(Flooring Systems) = 172
• 5.7.7 Low-Emitting Materials(Composite Wood) = 172
• 5.7.8 Indoor Chemical and Pollutant Source Control = 173
• 5.7.9 Thermal Comfort(Based on International Standards) = 173
• 5.7.10 Thermal Comfort(Permanent Monitoring System) = 174
• 5.7.11 Daylight and Views(75％ Space Daylight) = 175
• 5.7.12 Daylight and Views(90％ Space Daylight) = 175
• References = 176
• 6 Energy Efficiency in the Built Environment = 177
• 6.1 Introduction = 177
• 6.2 The Concept of Passive Solar Architecture = 180
• 6.3 Passive Solar Architecture - Heating = 181
• 6.3.1 Passive Solar Heating = 182
• 6.4 Passive Solar Architecture - Cooling = 189
• 6.4.1 Heat Gain Control = 190
• 6.4.2 Ventilation = 192
• 6.4.3 Ground Cooling = 193
• 6.4.4 Radiative Cooling = 193
• 6.4.5 Evaporative Cooling = 194
• 6.4.6 Cool Roofs = 198
• 6.5 Life Cycle Assessment(LCA) in Buildings = 204
• 6.6 Conclusions = 205
• References = 206
• 7 Protocol of Alternative Measures for Buildings' Energy Efficiency Improvement = 209
• 7.1 Introduction = 209
• 7.2 Indoor Air Quality Scenarios = 209
• 7.2.1 Design of Indoor Environment = 210
• 7.2.2 Filtering Particles of Incoming Air = 211
• 7.2.3 Chemical Methods of Air Purification = 211
• 7.2.4 Airflows Balancing = 211
• 7.2.5 Improvement of Ventilation System Performance = 211
• 7.2.6 Optimal Placement of Air Inlets and Spot Ventilation = 212
• 7.2.7 Heat Recovery in Large Buildings and Dwellings = 212
• 7.2.8 Control of Pollutants with Automation and Tuning of Incoming Fresh Air = 212
• 7.2.9 Natural Ventilation and Free Cooling = 213
• 7.2.10 Maintenance = 213
• 7.3 Scenarios for Thermal Comfort Improvement = 213
• 7.4 Scenarios for Energy Savings = 214
• 7.4.1 Interventions on the Building Envelope = 216
• 7.4.2 Improvement of Central Heating System Efficiency = 218
• 7.4.3 Improvement of HVAC System Efficiency = 219
• 7.4.4 Improvement of Cooling System Efficiency = 219
• References = 223
• Annex A : Environmental Factors - Parameters Related to the Indoor Environment and Energy Management in Buildings = 225
• Annex B : Methods for Normalization of Buildings' Energy Consumption = 251
• Index = 259