Korea's local education finance transfer is allocated to provincial education school districts as a fixed share of national internal taxes, and its size has continued to grow regardless of the rapid decline in the school-age population. In response, f...
Korea's local education finance transfer is allocated to provincial education school districts as a fixed share of national internal taxes, and its size has continued to grow regardless of the rapid decline in the school-age population. In response, fiscal authorities argue for institutional reform to address population aging and strengthen allocative efficiency, while others emphasize the need for stable financing to meet emerging demands in future education, which causes an ongoing policy conflict. Yet current debates remain largely focused on revenue-linked restructuring rather than on evidence about actual expenditure needs for delivering education services. This study analyzes the adequate level of education spending required to provide education services and assesses the adequacy of the transfer system by comparing the estimated adequate spending with the officially calculated Standard Fiscal Needs. Using panel data on 6,154 elementary, middle, and high schools, we estimate a school-level cost function and aggregate the results to the education-office level for comparison with Standard Fiscal Needs. The results showa mixed pattern of over-allocation and under-allocation across education offices. By quantifying adequate education spending through an outcome-based cost-function approach, this study provides an empirical basis for shifting the transfer debate from revenue linkage toward an adequacy-centered framework. The approach also helps identify potential under- and over-allocation across jurisdictions, thereby offering evidence-based policy for designing both aggregate adjustments and distribution formulas in future reforms of the transfer system.