팜오일의 정치생태학: 동남아 국가의 역할을 중심으로 = Political Ecology of Palm Oil: Focusing the Role of the States in Southeast Asia Region

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

From the early 2000s, international investment in primary commodities (mineral and agricultural commodities) increased drastically as the threat of climate change, oil peak, and liquidity problems coincided in a global scale. At the time, crops with high potential for use as biofuels emerged as major investment targets, and palm oil, one of the most productive oilseed plants with flexible utility, has received big attention. Due to the surge in investment, the cultivation area and production & consumption volume of palm oil have grown rapidly worldwide.
Palm oil industry has large and diverse socio-economic and environmental impacts and has created sharp controversy. However, in spite of intense social and environmental debate, the cultivation area of oil palm and its size of industry are continuously increasing. Palm oil industry is very ‘Southeast Asian phenomenon’ from a geographical point of view. Indonesia and Malaysia account for the vast majority of palm oil production and Singapore is a major trading hub for the palm oil investment and the international palm oil market. Therefore palm oil controversy could be deserved to be an interesting topic in political ecology approach. This study aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the context of socio-economic disputes surrounding palm oil. The starting point for this is to identify the nature of palm oil as the socio-nature and the multiple controversy arising therefrom. This study, especially, stresses on the role of the national state in the building of growth-dependency of the palm oil industry and provides a critical view point to understand the complexity of palm oil world.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

2007년 이후 석유정점과 기후변화의 위기 그리고 국제유동성 위기가 맞물리면서 광물 및 농상품과 같은 원자재에 대한 국제적 수요와 투자가 급증하였다. 팜오일은 식용수요 급증 이외에도 바이오연료로 전용가능성이 높은 유지종자라는점에서 주요 투자대상으로 선택되어 지난 10년간 생산면적과 생산량이 비약적으로 증대되어왔다. 하지만 팜산업은 다양한 사회적·경제적·환경적 논쟁에 직면하고 있다.
본 연구는 팜오일을 둘러싼 다양한 논쟁의 지형을 정리하고, 팜산업에 대한 정치경제학적 이해를 제공하는 것을 목표로 한다. 분석의 출발은 팜오일을 사회-자연으로 이해하며 이를 둘러싼 국제적·국가적 특성이 구성되는 과정을 살피는 것이다. 팜산업은 독특한 ‘동남아시아적인 현상’이다. 인도네시아와 말레이시아는전 세계 팜오일 생산의 대다수를 담당하며, 싱가포르와 말레이시아는 팜오일 관련 투자와 기술의 중심지이자 국제 팜오일시장의 주요 무역 허브로 기능하고 있다. 본고에서는 동남아 팜산업 성장을 주도해 온 동남아시아의 두 국가(인도네시아, 말레이시아)의 정책을 검토함으로써, 국가-자연으로서 팜오일이 정당화되는과정에 대한 맥락적 이해를 제공한다.

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