리더-구성원간 교환관계(LMX)의 질이 구성원들의 주도적 행동과 발언행동에 미치는 영향 = 심리적 안정감의 매개역할을 중심으로

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Globalization, advances in information technology and many other factors demanded that organizations should adapt to the changing business environment, by making practices more efficiently, and more focusing on meeting customers` new needs. On the way of transforming organizations towards this direction, employees` proactive behavior such as taking change behavior and voice behavior are more required for organizational change and innovation. Employees` role in the process of organizational transformation is very important. In spite of its practical importance, there is little empirical research on the employees` taking charge behavior and voice behavior. In this view point, the antecedents of employees` taking charge behavior and voice charge behavior are explored in this study. In order to conduct a focused investigation, we begin with the influence of leader-member exchange on the aforementioned two behaviors, since both theoretical and empirical support has been established on that. And then we also investigate the influence of psychological safety. In particular, employees` psychological safety is explored as a mediating variable in the relationship between leader-member exchange and taking charge behavior and voice behavior. On the basis of theoretical linkages among these constructs, a conceptual model with several hypotheses are proposed. Empirical data were collected by using a set of questionnaires. This survey was administered to employees who are currently working in 32 major firms with various industries including electronics, IT, machinery, finances, service, distribution and transportation. Survey participants were randomly selected. Respondents were briefed with the purpose of the study beforehand. Sufficient time was given to themso that accurate responses could be collected. Completed surveys were returned directly to us in sealed envelope by mail. Due to missing data, 213 dyads(426 respondents) were used for the analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis for the validity test and Cronbach`s alpha test for the reliability test were conducted. Moreover, structural equation modeling(SEM) was employed to test the hypothesized relationships in the conceptual model. Results show that the proposed model has a resonable fit to the data. From these analyses, we can find some significant findings and implications. First, the quality of leader-member exchange has a positive impact on employees` psychological safety. Second, employees` psychological safety has positively impact on their taking charge behavior and voice behavior. Third, employees` psychological safety has mediating effects on the relationship between the quality of leader-member exchange and employees` taking charge behavior, as well as employees` voice behavior. Implications, future research directions, and limitations of this study are also discussed.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Vroom, V. H., "Work and motivation" Wiley 1964

2 Scandura, T. A., "When managers decide not to decide autocratically" 71 (71): 579-584, 1986

3 LePine, J. A., "Voice and cooperative behavior as contrasting forms of contextual performance : Evidence of differential relationships with Big Five personality characteristics and cognitive ability" 86 : 326-336, 2001

4 Nystrom, P. C., "Vertical exchanges and organizational commitments of American business managers" 15 : 296-312, 1990

5 Fornell, C., "Validity assessment: A structural equations approach using partial least squares, In AMA educators' proceedings" American Marketing Association 405-409, 1982

6 Bass, B. M., "Transformational leadership" Erlbaum 2006

7 Van Maanen, J., "Toward a theory of organizational socialization" 1 : 209-269, 1979

8 Ajzen, I., "The theory of planned behavior" 50 : 179-211, 1991

9 Katz, D., "The social psychology of organizations" Wiley 1966

10 Chan, Y. H., "The role of subordinates' trust in a social exchange-driven psychological empowerment process" 20 (20): 444-467, 2008

11 Bateman, T. S., "The proactive component of organizational behaviour" 14 : 103-118, 1993

12 Lounsbury, M., "The new structuralism in organizational theory" 10 : 457-480, 2003

13 Organ, D. W., "The motivational basis of organizational citizenship behavior" 12 : 43-27, 1990

14 Bahlmann, T., "The learning organization in a turbulent environment" 9 (9): 167-182, 1990

15 Fairhurst, G. T., "The leader-member exchange patterns of women leaders in industry : A discourse analysis" 60 : 321-351, 1993

16 Barnard, C., "The functions of the executive" Harvard University Press 1983

17 Senge, P., "The fifth discipline" Doubleday 1990

18 Pfeffer, J., "The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective" Harper & Row 1978

19 Allen, T. D., "The effects of organizational citizenship behavior on performance judgments : A field study and a laboratory experiment" 83 : 247-260, 1998

20 Graen, G. B., "The effects of leader-member exchange and job design on productivity and satisfaction : Testing a dual attachment model" 30 : 109-131, 1982

21 Grant, A. M., "The dynamics of proactivity at work" 28 : 3-34, 2008

22 Seers, A., "The dual attachment concept: A longitudinal investigation of the combination of task characteristics and leader-member exchange" 33 : 283-306, 1984

23 French, J. R. P., "The bases of social power, In Studies in social power" University of Michigan 150-167, 1959

24 Staw, B. M., "Task revision : A neglected form of work performance" 33 : 534-559, 1990

25 Morrison, E. W., "Taking charge at work : Extrarole efforts to initiate workplace change" 42 (42): 403-419, 1999

26 Yammarino, F. J., "Superior-subordinate relationships : A multiple levels of analysis approach" 45 : 575-600, 1992

27 Chandler, A., "Strategy and Structure: Chapers in the histrory of the American industrial enterprise" MIT Press 1962

28 Bentler, P. M., "Statistics for parameter expansion and contraction in structural models" 1986

29 Crant, M. J., "Speaking up when encouraged: Predicting voice behavior in a naturallyoccurring setting" 2003

30 Edmondson, A. C., "Speaking up in the operating room : How team leaders promote learning in interdisciplinary action teams" 40 : 1419-1452, 2003

31 Fairhurst, G. T., "Social structure in leader-member exchange interaction" 56 : 215-239, 1989

32 Depret, E. F., "Social cognition and power: Some cognitive consequences of social structure as a source of control deprivation, In Control motivation and social cognition" Springer Verlag 176-202, 1993

33 Bentler, P. M., "Significance tests and goodness of fit in analysis of covariance structures" 88 (88): 588-606, 1980

34 Bunce, D., "Self perceptions and perceptions of group climate as predictors of individual innovation at work" 44 : 199-215, 1995

35 Graen, G. B., "Role assimilation processes in a complex organization" 3 : 395-420, 1973

36 Grant, A. M., "Reversing the extraverted leadership advantage : The role of employee proactivity" 54 (54): 528-550, 2011

37 Graen, G. B., "Relationship based approach to leadership : Development of leader-member exchange(LMX)theory of leadership over 25 years : Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective" 6 : 219-247, 1995

38 Dutton, J. E., "Red light, green light : Making sense of the organizational context for issue selling" 13 (13): 355-369, 2002

39 Feldman, M. S., "Reconceptualizing organizational routines as a source of flexibility and change" 48 : 94-118, 2003

40 Dutton, J. E., "Reading the wind : How middle managers assess the context for selling issues to top managers" 18 (18): 407-425, 1997

41 Edmondson, A. C., "Psychological safety, trust, and learning in organizations: A group-level lens, In Trust and Distrust in Organizations: Dilemmas and Approaches" Russell Sage Foundation 239-272, 2004

42 Kessel, M., "Psychological safety, knowledge sharing, and creative performance in healthcare teams" 21 (21): 147-157, 2012

43 Edmondson, A. C., "Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams" 44 : 350-383, 1999

44 Kahn, W. A., "Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work" 33 (33): 692-724, 1990

45 Liang, J., "Psychological Antecedents of Promotive and Prohibitive Voice Behavior : A Two-Wave Longitudinal Examination" 55 (55): 71-92, 2012

46 Sparrowe, R. T., "Process and structure in leader-member exchange" 22 : 522-552, 1997

47 Belschak, F. D., "Pro-self, pro-social, and pro-organizational foci of proactive behaviour : Differential antecedents and consequences" 86 : 475-498, 2010

48 Kline, R. B., "Principals and practice of structural equation modeling" Guilford 1998

49 LePine, J. A., "Predicting voice behavior in work groups" 83 (83): 853-868, 1998

50 Withey, M. J., "Predicting exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect" 34 : 521-539, 1989

51 Bentler, P. M., "Practical issues in structural modeling" 16 (16): 78-117, 1987

52 Emerson, R. M., "Power-dependence relations" 27 : 31-41, 1962

53 Frese, M., "Personal initiative at work: Differences between East and West Germany" 39 : 37-63, 1996

54 Fix, B., "Person-centered communication, leader-member exchange, and employee job satisfaction" 23 (23): 35-44, 2006

55 Wayne, S. J., "Perceived organizational support and leadermember exchange : A social exchange perspective" 40 : 82-111, 1997

56 Ashford, S. J., "Out on a limb : The role of context and impression management in selling gender-equity issues" 43 : 23-57, 1998

57 Scott, W. R., "Organizations and institutions" Sage 2000

58 Podsakoff, P. M., "Organizational citizenship behaviors and managerial evaluations of employee performance: A review and suggestions for future research" 11 : 1-40, 1993

59 Organ, D. W., "Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome" Lexington Books 1988

60 Miles, R. E., "Organizational Strategy, Structure and Process" McGraw- Hill 1978

61 Pierce, J. L., "Organization-based self-esteem : Construct definition, measurement, and validation" 32 : 622-648, 1989

62 Hair, J. F., "Multivariate Data Analysis" Prentice Hall 2006

63 Liden, R. C., "Multidimensionality of leader-member exchange : An empirical assessment through scale development" 24 : 43-72, 1998

64 Parker, S. K., "Modeling the antecedents of proactive behavior at work" 91 (91): 636-652, 2006

65 Gerstner, C. R., "Metaanalytic review of leader-member exchange theory : Correlates and construct issues" 82 (82): 827-844, 1997

66 McGill, M. E., "Management practices in learning organizations" 21 (21): 5-17, 1992

67 Ghoshal, S., "Linking organizational context and managerial action : The dimensions of quality of management" 15 : 91-112, 1994

68 Johnson, D. E., "Liking and attributions of motives as mediators of the relationships between individuals’ reputations, helpful behaviors and raters’ reward decisions" 87 : 808-815, 2002

69 Detert, J. R., "Leadership behavior and employee voice : Is the door really open?" 50 : 869-884, 2007

70 Schriesheim, C. A., "Leader-member exchange(LMX)research : A comprehensive review of theory, measurement, and dataanalytic practices" 10 (10): 66-113, 1999

71 Deluga, R. J., "Leader-member exchange quality and effectiveness ratings" 23 (23): 189-216, 1998

72 Wang, H., "Leader-member exchange as a mediator of the relationship between transformational leadership and followers' performance and organizational citizenship behavior" 48 (48): 420-432, 2005

73 Walumbwa, F. O., "Leader personality traits and employee voice ehavior : Mediating roles of ethical leadership and work group psychological safety" 94 : 1275-1286, 2009

74 Baker, D. D., "Leader communication style : A test of average versus vertical dyad linkage models" 10 : 242-259, 1985

75 Turban, D. B., "Influences of supervisor liking of a subordinate and the reward context on the treatment and evaluation of that subordinate" 14 : 215-233, 1990

76 Van Dyne, L., "In-role perceptions buffer the negative impact of low LMX on helping and enhance the positive impact of high LMX on voice" 93 (93): 1195-1207, 2008

77 Rusbult, C. E., "Impact of exchange variables on exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect : An integrative model of responses to declining job satisfaction" 31 : 599-627, 1988

78 Carmeli, A., "High quality relationships, psychological safety, and learning from failures in work organizations" 30 : 709-729, 2009

79 Van Dyne, L., "Helping and voice extra-role behavior : Evidence of construct and predictive validity" 41 (41): 108-119, 1998

80 Burgelman, R., "Fading memories : A process theory of strategic business exit in dynamic business environments" 39 : 24-56, 1994

81 Hirschman, A. O., "Exu, Voice, and Loyalty, Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations and States" Harvard University Press 1970

82 Zhang, Y., "Exploring the role of psychological safety in promoting the intention to continue sharing knowledge in virtual communities" 30 : 425-436, 2010

83 Dunegan, K. J., "Examining the link between leadermember exchange and the subordinate performance : The role of task analyzability and variety as moderators" 18 : 59-76, 1992

84 Fornell, C., "Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error" 18 (18): 39-50, 1981

85 Zhao, B., "Error reporting in organizations" 31 : 1012-1030, 2006

86 Botero, I. C., "Employee voice behavior interactive effects of LMX and power distance in the United States and Colombia" 23 (23): 84-104, 2009

87 Krone, K. J., "Effects of leader member exchange on subordinates’ upward influence attempts" 8 : 9-18, 1991

88 Scott, S. G., "Determinants of innovative behavior : A path model of innovation in the workplace" 37 : 580-607, 1994

89 Van Dyne, L., "Conceptualizing employee silence and employee voice as multidimensional constructs" 40 (40): 1359-1392, 2003

90 Swieringa, J., "Becoming a Learning Organization" Addison-Wesley 1992

91 Víctor, J. G, "Antecedents and consequences of organizational innovation and organizational learning in entrepreneurship" 1 : 21-42, 2006

92 Milliken, F. J., "An exploratory study of employee silence : Issues that employees don’t communicate upward and why" 40 : 1453-1476, 2003

93 Browne, M. W., "Alternative ways of assessing model fit, In Testing Structural Equation Models" Sage 136-162, 1993

94 Krone, K. J., "Achieving communication goals in superior subordinate relationships: Upward influence maintenance tactics" 40 (40): 1-15, 1992

95 Maslow, A. H., "A theory of human motivation" 50 : 370-396, 1943

96 Byrne, B. M., "A primer of LISREL: Basic applications and programming for confirmatory factor analytic models" Springer-Verlag 1989

97 Manogran, P., "A leadermember exchange approach to explaining organizational citizenship behavior" 249-253, 1993