International economic institutions . -1998

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• LIST OF FIGURES = xxi
• LIST OF TABLES = xxiii
• FROM THE PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION = xxv
• PREFACE = xxvii
• ABBREVIATIONS = xxix
• CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION - Brought up-to-date by G.Schiavone = 1
• 1. The United Nations = 1
• A. The Economic and Social Council = 2
• B. Development Assistance = 3
• 1. The United Nations Development Programme = 3
• 2. The United Nations Capital Development Fund = 3
• 2. The Specialized Agencies = 4
• A. The Food and Agriculture Organization = 4
• B. The International Labour Organization = 5
• C. The United Nations Industrial Development Organization = 6
• 3. The Bank for International Settlements = 6
• 4. Regional Integration = 9
• A. Latin America = 9
• 1. The Associaci$$\acute o$$n Latinoamericana de Integraci$$\acute o$$n = 9
• 2. The Mercado Com$$\acute u$$n Centroamericano = 10
• 3. The Caribbean Community = 11
• 4. The Latin American Economic System = 12
• B. Asia = 13
• 1. The Association of South-East Asian Nations = 13
• 2. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation = 13
• 3. The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation = 14
• C. Africa and the Middle East = 14
• 1. The West Africa Economic and Monetary Unionn = 14
• 2. The Mano River Union = 15
• 3. The Economic Community of the West African States = 15
• 4. The Economic and Monetary Community of Cuntral Africa = 15
• 5. Arab Economic Cooperation = 16
• 5. Regional Development Banks = 17
• A. The Inter-American Development Bank = 17
• B. The Asian Development Bank = 18
• C. The African Development Bank = 18
• 6. Conclusion = 19
• Bibliography = 20
• PART 1. WORLD ORGANIZATIONS = 23
• CHAPTER 2. THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND = 25
• 1. Origins = 25
• A. Plans = 25
• B. Groups = 27
• C. Amendments = 27
• 2. Objectives = 28
• 3. Organization = 29
• A. Members = 29
• B. Capital = 29
• C. Administration = 31
• 1. The Board of Governors = 31
• 2. The Executive Board = 32
• 3. The Managing Director = 33
• 4. Functions and operation = 33
• A. Finanction of balance-of-payments deficits = 33
• 1. Provisions = 33
• a. The general resources = 33
• b. Arrangements not on the account of the Fund = 35
• c. Special Drawing Rights = 35
• 2. Operation = 37
• a. The resources = 37
• 1. Regular facilities = 37
• a. The 'tranche' decisions and stand-by arrangements = 37
• Temporary facilities = 39
• b. The extended facility = 40
• 2. Special facility = 40
• a. Compensatory and contingency facility = 41
• b. Buffer stock financing = 41
• 3. Emergency assistance = 41
• 4. Faclities for low-income countries = 42
• a. The structural adjustment facility(SAF) = 43
• b. The enhanced structural adjustment facility(ESAF) = 43
• 5. Drawings = 43
• b. Special Drawing Rights = 46
• B. Exchange-rate stability = 47
• 1. Provisions = 47
• 2. Operation = 49
• Exchange-rate arrangements = 51
• C. Currency convertibility = 52
• 1. Provisions = 52
• 2. Operation = 53
• D. Promotion of international cooperation = 54
• 1. Provisions = 54
• 2. Operation = 54
• E. Conservation(and increase) of resources = 55
• 1. Provisions = 55
• a. Charges and remunerations = 55
• b. Repurchases = 55
• c. Replenishment and scarce currency = 56
• d. Gold sales = 56
• 2. Operation = 58
• a. Charges and remunerations = 58
• b. Repurchases = 58
• c. Replenishment and scarce currency = 58
• The General Arrangements to Borrow(GAB) = 59
• The New Arrangements to Borrow(NAB) = 60
• d. Gold sales = 60
• Appraisal = 61
• Credit granted too easily = 62
• Undue preference to less-developed countries = 62
• The international monetary reserves = 63
• SDR = 64
• Bibliography = 65
• CHAPTER 3. THE WORLD BANK GROUP = 67
• The international Bank for Reconstruction and Development = 67
• 1. Objectives = 67
• 2. Organization = 68
• A. Members and capital = 68
• B. Administration = 69
• 3. Functions and operation = 70
• A. Acquisition of resources = 70
• 1. Provisions = 70
• 2. Operation = 71
• a. Capital subscriptions = 71
• b. Sale of bonds = 71
• c. Repayment of loans = 72
• d. Sale of claims = 72
• e. Net earnings = 72
• B. Application of resources = 73
• 1. Provisions = 73
• 2. Operation = 74
• a. Loans = 74
• b. Guarantees = 75
• c. Investments = 76
• C. Utilization of resources = 76
• 1 Provisions = 76
• 2 Operation = 77
• D. Technical assistance = 78
• 1. Coordination of development assistance = 79
• 2. The International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes(ICSID) = 80
• 3. The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency(MIGA) = 80
• The International Development Association = 81
• 1. origins = 81
• 2. Objectives = 81
• 3. Organization = 82
• A. Members and capital = 82
• B. Administration = 82
• 4. Functions and operation = 83
• A. Acquisition of resources = 83
• 1. Provisions = 83
• 2. Operation = 84
• B. Application of resources = 85
• 1 Provisions = 85
• 2 Operation = 86
• C. Utilization of resources = 87
• 1 Provisions = 87
• 2 Operation = 88
• The International Finance Corporation = 88
• 1. origins = 88
• 2. Objectives = 89
• 3. Organization = 89
• A. Members and capital = 89
• B. Administration = 90
• 4. Functions and operation = 91
• A. Acquisition of resources = 91
• 1. Provisions = 91
• 2. Operation = 91
• B. Application of resources = 91
• 1. Provisions = 91
• 2. Operation = 92
• C. Utilization of currencies = 93
• 1. Provisions = 93
• 2. Operation = 93
• Appraisal = 93
• Changing Priorities = 94
• The role of private capital = 94
• The debt crisis = 95
• Prior conditions = 96
• Vain exercise = 97
• Bibliography = 98
• CHAPTER 4. WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION = 99
• 1. origins = 99
• 2. Objectives = 102
• 3. Organization = 102
• A. Members = 102
• B. Administration = 103
• 4. Functions and operation = 104
• A. GATT 1994 and other arrangements on trade in goods = 104
• 1. Elimination of discrimination = 104
• a. Provisions = 104
• b. Operaion = 105
• 2. Stablilzation and reduction of import duties = 106
• a. Provisions = 106
• b. Operation = 107
• 1. The Kennedy Round = 108
• 2. The Tokyo Round = 109
• 3. The Uruguay Round = 110
• 3. Elimination of quantitative restrictions = 110
• a. Provisions = 110
• b. Operation = 112
• 4) Combating other forms of protection = 113
• a. Provisions = 113
• b. Operaion = 114
• 1. Customs valuation = 115
• 2. Excise duties = 115
• 3. State trade = 115
• 4. Subsidies, anti-dumping and countervailing duties = 116
• 5. Consultations = 118
• a. Provisions = 118
• b. Operation = 118
• 6. Escape clauses = 118
• a. Provisions = 118
• 1. Article 19 = 118
• 2. Article 18 = 119
• 3. Article 20, 21 and 25, 5 = 120
• b. Operation = 120
• 1. Article 19 = 120
• 2. Article 18 = 120
• 3. Article 21 and 25, 5 = 121
• 7. Action in favour of less-developed countries = 121
• a. Provisions = 121
• b. Operation = 122
• 8. Other agreements in respect of goods = 122
• a. Agriculture = 122
• b. Technical barriers on trade = 124
• c. Trade-related investment measures = 124
• d. Preshipment inspection = 124
• e. Rules of origin = 125
• f. Import licensing procedures = 125
• B. Trade in services and trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights = 125
• 1. Trade in services = 125
• The annexes = 126
• 2. Trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights = 127
• C. Plurilateral agreements = 128
• 1. Civil aircraft = 128
• 2. Government procurement = 128
• 3. The International Bovine Meat Agreement = 128
• 4. The International Dairy Agreement = 128
• Appraisal = 129
• Advantages = 129
• Less-developed countries = 130
• Conditions for further progress = 131
• Bibliography = 132
• CHAPTER 5. OECD AND UNCTAD = 133
• The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development = 133
• 1. origins = 133
• 2. Objectives = 134
• 3. Organization = 134
• A. Members = 134
• B. Administration = 134
• 1. The Council = 134
• 2. The Executive Committee = 135
• 3. The Secretariat = 135
• 4. Functions and operation = 136
• A. General economic cooperation = 136
• 1. Provisions = 136
• 2. Operation = 136
• a. General economic policy = 136
• b. Energy = 137
• c. Environment = 139
• d. Central and Eastern Europe = 140
• B. Liberalization of goods, invisible transactions = 141
• 1. Provisions = 141
• 2. Operation = 141
• a. Goods = 141
• b. Invisible transactions = 142
• c. Capital = 144
• d. Multilateral settlements = 145
• C. Relations with less-developed countries = 150
• Appraisal = 151
• The UNCTAD = 153
• 1. Origins = 153
• 2. Objectives = 153
• The new international economic order = 154
• 3. Organization = 154
• 4. Functions and operation = 155
• A. Commodities = 157
• 1. Introduction = 157
• 2. Agreements = 159
• a. The International Grains Convention = 159
• b. The International Sugar Agreement = 160
• c. The International Coffee Agreement = 161
• d. The International Cocoa Agreement = 162
• e. The International Tin Agreement = 163
• f. Other agreements = 163
• B. Trade in manufactures = 164
• C. Shipping = 165
• D. Transfer of technology = 165
• E. Transnational corporations = 166
• F. Technical assistance = 166
• Appraisal = 166
• Ideology = 166
• The commodity agreements = 168
• Prices = 168
• The method of stabilization = 169
• Beneficiaries = 170
• Bibliography = 170
• PART 2. REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS = 173
• CHAPTER 6. EUROPEAN INTEGRATION. FIRST EXPERIMENTS = 175
• Introduction = 175
• 1. Intergration = 176
• 2. Forms of integration = 176
• Benelux = 177
• 1. Development and organization = 177
• 2. Appraisal = 179
• The Organization for European Economic Development = 180
• 1. Development and organization = 180
• 2. Liberalization of goods, invisible transactions and capital = 182
• A. Goods = 183
• B. Invisible transactions = 186
• C. Capital = 186
• D. Multilateral settlements = 187
• Appraisal = 189
• The Council of Mutual Economic Assistance = 191
• 1. Development and organization = 191
• 2. Appraisal = 195
• The European Free Trade Association = 196
• 1. Development and organization = 196
• 2. Appraisal = 198
• Bibliography = 198
• CHAPTER 7. THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY INTRODUCTION. CUSTOMS UNION = 201
• 1. origins = 201
• A. The ECSC = 201
• B. The EEC and the EAEC = 202
• C. Single Act and Maastricht Treaty = 204
• D. The Treaty of Amsterdam = 204
• 2. Objectives = 205
• A. The ECSC = 205
• B. The EC = 205
• C. The EAEC = 207
• 3. Organization = 207
• A. Members = 207
• B. Administration = 208
• 1. The Council = 209
• 2. The European Council = 211
• 3. The European Commission = 211
• 4. The European Parliament = 212
• 5. The Court of Justice = 213
• 6. The Economic and Social Committee = 215
• 7. The Consultative Committee(ECSC) = 215
• 8. Court of Auditors = 215
• 9. Committee of the Regions = 216
• 10. Other institutions = 216
• 4. Functions and operation = 216
• A. ECSC products = 216
• 1. Provisions = 216
• 2. Operation = 217
• B. Manufactures other than ECSC products = 218
• 1. Elimination of customs duties between members = 218
• a. Provisions = 218
• b. Operation = 218
• 2. Elimination of non-tariff barriers = 219
• a. Provisions = 219
• b. Operation = 219
• 3. Establishment of a common customs tariff = 221
• a. Provisions = 221
• b. Operation = 222
• 4. Establishment of a common commercial policy = 223
• a. Provisions = 223
• b. Operation = 224
• C. Agricultural products = 226
• 1. Provisions = 226
• 2. Operation = 228
• a. Abolition of internal trade restrictions = 228
• b. Common market regulations = 228
• c. Monetary compensatory amounts = 232
• d. The Agricultural Fund = 232
• 5. Financing = 233
• A. The ECSC = 233
• 1. Provisions = 233
• 2. Operation = 233
• B. The general budget of the Communities = 233
• 1. Provisions = 233
• 2. Operation = 234
• C. The European Investment Bank = 235
• 1. Provisions = 235
• 2. Operation = 236
• D. The European Bank for Reconstruction and Developmant = 237
• E. The European Investment Fund = 237
• 6. Escape clauses = 237
• A. Provisions = 237
• B. Operation = 238
• CHAPTER 8. THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY ECONOMIC UNION = 239
• Introduction : The subsidiarity principle = 239
• 1. Free movement of persons and services = 240
• A. Provisions = 240
• 1. Workers = 240
• 2. Establishment = 241
• 3. Services = 241
• 4. Persons, asylum and immigration = 241
• B. Operation = 242
• 1 Workers = 242
• 2 Establishment = 243
• 3 Services = 244
• 2. Free movement of capital = 245
• A. Provisions = 245
• B. Operation = 246
• 3. Coordination of economic policies = 247
• A. General economic policy = 247
• 1. Provisions = 247
• 2. Operation = 249
• B. Competition policy = 250
• 1. Provisions = 250
• a. Enterprises = 250
• 1. Restrictive agreements or practices = 250
• 2. A buse of dominant positions = 251
• b. Governments = 251
• 2. Operation = 252
• a. Enterprises = 252
• 1. Restrictive agreements or practices = 252
• 2. Abuse of dominant positions = 255
• Concentration = 256
• b. Governments = 257
• C. Environmental policy = 259
• 1. Provisions = 259
• 2. Operation = 260
• Fisheries = 261
• D. Violation of the subsidiarity principle = 262
• 1. Direct tax policy = 262
• a. Provisions = 262
• b. Operation = 262
• 2. Indirect tax policy = 262
• a. Provisions = 262
• b. Operation = 263
• 3. Transport policy = 265
• a. Provisions = 265
• b. Operation = 266
• 4. Social policy = 268
• a. Provisions = 268
• b. Operation = 269
• 5. Agricultural policy = 270
• 6. Regional policy = 272
• a. Provisions = 272
• b. Operation = 273
• 7. Industrial and R and D policy = 274
• a. Provisions = 274
• b. Operation = 274
• 8. Education, culture, and vocational training = 275
• 4. External relations = 275
• A. Provisions = 275
• B. Operation = 277
• 1. Schengen agreements = 278
• 2. EFTA countries = 279
• 3. Former and present overseas territories of EC countries = 280
• 4. Central and Eastern European countries = 281
• 5. Mediterranean countries = 283
• CHAPTER 9. THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY MONETARY UNION. APPRAISAL = 285
• Monetary Union = 285
• 1. Early monetary cooperation = 285
• A. Short-term financing = 285
• B. Medium-term support = 286
• C. European units of account = 286
• 2. Monetary arrangements = 287
• A. Smaller margins = 287
• B. The EMS = 288
• C. Appraisal = 289
• 3. Monetary union = 290
• A. A first attempt = 290
• B. Treaty provisions = 291
• 1. ESCB = 291
• 2. ECB = 292
• 3. Council = 293
• 4. EMI = 294
• 5. Balance-of-payments difficulties = 294
• 6. Third stage = 295
• a. Criteria = 295
• b. Procedure = 296
• C. Operation = 298
• 1. The EMI = 298
• 2. The euro = 299
• 3. Secondary legislation = 299
• a. Legal framework of the euro = 299
• b. Stability and Growth Pact = 300
• 1. Strengthening of surveillance and coordination of economic policies = 300
• 2. Speeding up and clarifying the implementation of the excessive deficit procedure = 301
• C. Exchange-rate mechanism = 303
• Appraisal = 304
• 1. Heterogeneity = 305
• 2. The economic system = 307
• A. The Rome Treaty = 308
• B. The Single Act = 308
• C. The Maastricht Treaty = 309
• D. The Amsterdam Treaty = 309
• E. The tentacles of the octopus = 310
• F. Conclusion = 311
• 3. Subsidiarity principle and economic policy = 312
• A. Industrial policy = 312
• B. Regional policy = 313
• C. Social policy = 314
• 4. Competition policy = 315
• A. Introduction = 315
• B. Definition = 315
• C. Rules = 316
• D. Subsidiarity = 318
• E. Appraisal = 319
• 5. Monetary policy = 320
• A. A single currency? = 320
• B. Political reasons = 322
• C. An independent central bank? = 322
• D. A political union? = 323
• E. Prospects = 323
• 6. European identity = 324
• A. Characteristics = 325
• B. Differences relative to the US = 326
• C. The cultural communities = 326
• 7. The objectives of the Treaty of Rome = 327
• A. Democracy = 328
• B. Human rights = 329
• C. High level of employment = 330
• D. A constitution? = 330
• E. Conclusion = 331
• Bibliography = 332
• CHAPTER 10. THE NORTH AMERICAN FREE-TRADE ASSOCIATION = 335
• 1. Origins = 335
• 2. Objectives = 336
• 3. Organization = 337
• A. The Free Trade Commission = 337
• B. The Secretariat = 337
• 4. Functions and operation = 338
• A. Liberalization of trade in goods = 338
• 1. Provisions = 338
• Automotive and textile products, energy = 339
• Agricultural goods = 339
• 2. Provisions = 340
• B. Liberalization in other areas = 340
• 1. Provisions = 340
• a. Standards-related measures = 340
• b. Government procurement = 341
• c. Investment, services and related matters = 341
• d. Cross-border trade in services and financial services = 341
• e. Telecommunications = 342
• f. Competition, monopolies, state enterprises = 342
• g. Business persons = 342
• h. Intellectual property = 342
• 2. Provisions = 342
• C. Dispute settlement = 343
• 1. Anti-dumping and countervailing duties = 343
• 2. General dispute settlement = 343
• D. Safeguard measures = 344
• E. The supplemental agreements = 344
• 1. Labour cooperation = 344
• a. Provisions = 344
• b. Operation = 345
• 2. Environmental cooperation = 345
• a. Provisions = 345
• Border environment and North American Development Bank = 347
• b. Operation = 347
• Appraisal = 348
• 1. Asymmetry = 348
• 2. A less-developed country in a free-trade area = 349
• Bibliography = 351
• CONCLUSION = 353
• Proliferation = 353
• Need for rationalization and escape clauses = 354
• Voting power = 355
• Maximizing power = 355
• LIST OF ARTICLES = 357
• INDEX OF NAMES = 361
• INDEX OF SUBJECTS = 365