1910~20년대 북간도 하마탕(蛤蟆塘)의 독립운동 근거지 건설 = Establishment of a Base Area for Independence in 'Hamatang' in North Gando in the 1910s–1920s

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Hamatang was the site where the Korean National Association, a leading independence movement organization in North Gando, was established in 1919. However, it remains unclear why the headquarters of the Korean National Association was initially established in this remote region.
This study aims to examine the establishment of the Korean National Association in Gando and the formation of an independent group organized around it through a regional study of Hamatang.
Chronologically, this study focuses on the period before the 1920s, while spatially, it examines the social foundation of the independence movement, particularly in Hamatang.
For a decade, Hamatang served as the center of the Korean community in North Gando. Its topographical features—a narrow entrance with an open retreat—made it an ideal base for the independence movement.
The process by which the Korean community and independence activists united to establish a base serves as an important example of how bases for the North Gando independence movement were formed. Moreover, the case of North Gando contributes to a broader understanding of the development of the Korean community and the formation of the independent army.