낭만주의적 자연관과 지리적 환경론의 정립 : 리터와 기요의 지리학 연구를 중심으로 A Case of Ritter and Guyot's Geographical Study = The View of Nature in Romanticism and Geographical Environmentalism

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Geographical thoughts have developed on the origin and nature of life, the nature of man, and the organic and physical character of the earth. So, to understand a geographical argument, we must understand the history of geography.
This paper aims to confirm how romanticism affects Geography, Geography Education, and Environmentalism. Additionally, it tells us the character of historical and teleological geography that Uchimura Kanjo, Kim Kio-shin, and Ham Seok-heon studied. The main material for this study is Carl ftitter's Geographical Study and Arnold Guyot's Earth and Man.
The conclusions of this paper are:
The German government made scientific research systematically connected with university teaching. The efforts made to open new lines of investigation appear to meet a requirement of essentially philosophical nature(nature as a mirror of human) that of defining a consist picture of knowledge. So, geography, which deals with the interaction of man and nature, developed in connection with an organic world-view, that is, romanticism.
The theme of new geography is earth as a unitary organism, divinely planned, created for man and conditioning human life. Geographers could see 'unity in diversity' through this supposition. Ritter and Guyot studied physical geography pursuing the relationship between nature and man in the view of time and three-dimensional features of earth's surface. They tried to divide regions with permanent natural boundaries instead of political ones. In this basis, they concluded that land, ocean, and air which are the great geographical elements of the earth are interdependent and successively connected by action and reaction. Therefore, the earth is a mechanism with all parts interacting harmoniously in order to achieve the purpose of the Almighty Creator. According to the romantic idea of polarity and harmony, Ritter shows the polarities of 'Land and Water Hemisphere', 'Old and New World', North and South continent', and human's roles through the historic course of harmony. Guyot systemize Ritter's study. Through physical study, he tried to understand the historical harmony of nature and humans, and suggested the reasons for the progress of humanity and culture.
Their ecologic model can be called 'system theory' connected with teleology. According to system theory, they developed the idea of 'region' in which the concept of God (who designed earth), man (who completed the creation of nature), and nature (that affects human culture) ane joined. Region is the individual system that puts various phenomenon together, and contrast with others. One system is understood as a part of the higher system. Each individual (ex. continent), in one system, is designated by its role. In a similar way, Uchimura Iarljo and Kim Kio-shin proved that there are special meanings in the history and geogaphical character of their own country.
Romanticism changed Geography Education. Since Herder, German natural philosophers thought that man is the top of the beings on the earth. Rousseau introduced the idea of recapitulation theory to child development. Romantista paid attention to the non-rational aspects of humans, and considered that each stage of childhood has particular individuality. It is education, Pestalozzi thought, that helps the harmonious development of child. As it was seemed that Nature has a power to guide a human's education, the major method in geography education is not memorization, but the look-and-see method and heuristic one. Guyot's learning theory has a curriculum that expands environments sequence from home to neighbouring region and world.
Ritter and Guyot showed the independence of geography for the first time in Europe and America, and Guyot showed the vision of human geography and sociology. They introduced 'causal relations' into geography before Darwinism, and Davis followed Guyot's 'explanatory method'. Essentially, teleological developmentaism and the organic world-view of romanticism overcome crude causation, and emphasize interconnection. But, because they think of geography as a science, they connect continental feature and weather with human activity and history in causal relationships. So, their system theory came closer environmental determinism.