Melatonin, the major secretory product of the pineal gland, has a variety of important physiological functions. It has been reported that melatonin protects neurons in culture from cell death induced by several neurotoxins. In the present study, the u...
Melatonin, the major secretory product of the pineal gland, has a variety of important physiological functions. It has been reported that melatonin protects neurons in culture from cell death induced by several neurotoxins. In the present study, the underlying protective mechanism of melatonin on kainic acid (KA)-induced excitotoxicity was examined in the hippocampus of mice. KA, administered intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.), induced marked neuronal cell death with concurrent microglial activation and subsequent induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the hippocampus. Histopathological analysis demonstrated that melatonin (10 mg/kg), administered 1 hr prior to KA, attenuated KA-induced death of pyramidal neurons in the CA3 region. Melatonin obviously suppressed KA-induced microglial activation and consequent iNOS expression that were determined by increased immunoreactivities of microglial marker OX-6 and iNOS, respectively.
Akt, a downstream effector of PI3K, is a critical mediator of neuronal survival in pathological neuronal cell death such as excitotoxic injury. In order to determine whether Akt is activated by melatonin treatment, the level of Akt phosphorylation was examined in CA3 region of hippocampus up to 24 hr after melatonin treatment. Increased phosphorylation of Akt in pyramidal neurons was observed as early as 2 hr after administration of melatonin. After melatonin administration, Akt and cAMP response element (CRE) binding protein (CREB) were also phosphorylated in astrocyte and the expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), was increased. Considering that CREB is the substrate of p-Akt, and p-CREB can increase GDNF and TGF-β expression, astrocytic Akt phosphorylation by melatonin can be one of the important mechanisms of neuroprotection.
To evaluate the pathway of astrocytic Akt phosphorylation activated by melatonin, I treated wortmannin, specific inhibitor of PI3K, and luzindole, a non-selective melatonin receptor antagonist, prior to the administration of melatonin. The results showed that wortmannin completely blocked the melatonin induced phosphorylation of Akt. In contrast, luzindole partially did it. Also GDNF and TGF-β expression by melatonin was inhibited by pretreatment of wortmannin or luzindole.
The results of the present study demonstrate that melatonin exerts its neuroprotective action against KA-induced excitotoxicity both through the activation of neuronal and astrocytic Akt, and through the direct and indirect inhibition of microglial activation. Therefore, the present study suggests that melatonin is potentially useful in the treatment of acute brain pathologies associated with excitotoxic neuronal damage such as epilepsy, stroke, and traumatic brain injury.