三浦時代における倭使上京路の復原研究 = A Study on the Reconstruction of Capital-Bound Routes for Japanese Envoys during the Three Ports (Sampo) Period

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

本稿は、朝鮮後期の駅路網や通信使や燕行使など王朝の使行路に比べて、研究が進んでいない文禄・慶長の役以前の日本使の上京路に対する歴史地理学的考察の始まりの段階に位置するものである。まず󰡔春官志󰡕等にまとめられた上京路を、朝鮮後期の駅路および通信使行路と比較しながら、その共通点と相違点から、上京路の特性とその背景に対する仮説を立てた。 陸路は三浦倭乱以前には乃而浦から右路、釜山浦から中路、塩浦から左路がそれぞれ異なる経路で漢陽まで到達し、乱後も起点がすべて釜山浦に変更されただけで、３つの路線は維持された。沿道住民の負担が集中するのを避けるための措置で、通信使行路に左道(往路)と右道(復路)があったのと同様だ。３つの上京道路は各浦の倭館から漢陽への最短距離を通るように選定されており、三浦の立地と上京道路の経路との間に地理的な相互作用があったことは明らかであろう。水路は洛東江と漢江水系を利用して、陸路を補完・代替する役割を持った。 燕行路と中国使臣の使行路はほぼ同じであることが知られているが、文禄․慶長の役の前後という時期的な差はあるものの、通信使行路と上京道路は多くの部分で経路が異なる。さらに朝鮮後期に歴史地理学者の手で他の記録された幹線駅路体系とも一致しない。特に漢陽と嶺南を結ぶ幹線道路だった嶺南大路(第4路)と一致する路線は一つもなく、一部区間で重複があるだけだ。その理由は明らかではないが、一つには三つの経路を互いに重ならないように設定しようとした結果であろうし、もう一つはこのような線形が、朝鮮初期や更には高麗時代の駅路網の痕跡である可能性も、仮説として提示しておきたい。 今回の発表は上京道路の地理学的復元の最初の一歩に過ぎず、今後他の記録物、紀行文、江戸期以前の通信使路、日本側の史料分析、さらに現場調査などを加えて、最終的な経路復元を行っていきたい。

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This article marks the initial stage of a historical-geographical investigation into the routes taken by Japanese envoys traveling up to Hanyang (modern-day Seoul) prior to the Imjin War (Japanese invasions of Korea, 1592–1598)—a subject that has received relatively less scholarly attention compared to the post-Joseon station networks and embassy routes, such as those of the Tongsinsa (Embassies to Japan) and Yeonhaengsa (Embassies to Qing China). First, by comparing the travel routes to the capital recorded in sources like the Chungwansi (Records of the Ministry of Rites) with the station networks and Tongsinsa routes of the late Joseon period, this study establishes hypotheses regarding the characteristics and historical background of these routes based on their similarities and differences.
Regarding the land routes, prior to the Three Ports Rebellion (Sampo Waeran), the routes advanced to Hanyang via three distinct paths: the Right Route from Naeipo, the Middle Route from Busanpo, and the Left Route from Yeompo. Even after the rebellion, though the starting point for all routes was consolidated at Busanpo, these three distinct lines were maintained. This measure was intended to prevent the burden of hosting envoys from concentrating heavily on the residents along a single path, sharing the same underlying rationale as the Tongsinsa routes, which utilized the Left Road for the outward journey and the Right Road for the return. These three capital-bound routes were selected to offer the shortest possible distances from the Waegwan (Japanese settlements) at each port to Hanyang, clearly demonstrating a geographical interaction between the locations of the Three Ports and the trajectories of the capital-bound routes. Meanwhile, water routes utilized the Nakdong River and Han River systems, serving to supplement or substitute for the land routes.
While it is well known that the routes of the Yeonhaengsa and those of the Chinese envoys visiting Joseon largely overlapped, the Tongsinsa routes and the Japanese capital-bound routes diverged significantly in many sections, notwithstanding the temporal gap before and after the Imjin War. Furthermore, they do not align with other major station network systems recorded by historical geographers of the late Joseon period. Notably, none of the routes completely match the Great Yeongnam Road (Route 4), which was the primary arterial road connecting Hanyang and the Yeongnam region, showing overlaps only in limited sections. Although the exact reasons remain unclear, this study proposes two hypotheses: first, it was the result of an intentional effort to keep the three routes from overlapping with one another; second, these linear trajectories might represent remnants of the station networks from the early Joseon or even the Goryeo period.
This presentation represents merely the first step toward the geographical reconstruction of the capital-bound routes for Japanese envoys. Moving forward, I intend to finalize the reconstruction of these paths by incorporating other archival records, travelogues, pre-Edo period Tongsinsa routes, analyses of Japanese historical materials, and field surveys.