Alliances generally represent a non-preferred strategic choice for states due to their inherent costs and constraints. Nevertheless, the South Korea-U.S. alliance has demonstrated remarkable durability for over seven decades since its formalization th...
Alliances generally represent a non-preferred strategic choice for states due to their inherent costs and constraints. Nevertheless, the South Korea-U.S. alliance has demonstrated remarkable durability for over seven decades since its formalization through the 1953 Mutual Defense Treaty. The alliance's distinctive characteristic lies in its asymmetric nature. The United States, as a global superpower, possesses extensive interests and capabilities, while South Korea has evolved from a small state to a middle power, primarily focusing on the North Korean threat. These contrasting capabilities and priorities have defined the alliance's key features and shaped its dynamics and challenges over decades.
The Security Consultative Meeting (SCM), established in 1968, serves as a key mechanism for managing these internal alliance challenges. As an annual high-level consultative body involving both nations' defense ministers, the SCM has provided an official platform for coordinating responses to changes in global and regional security environments. Each meeting concludes with a joint communiqué, which has functioned as a historical record documenting alliance concerns, policy coordination, and compromises.
This study analyzes the alliance maintenance mechanisms through content analysis of the SCM joint communiqués. The communiqués demonstrate the evolution of the South Korea-U.S. alliance over time. Starting from a simple format, they expanded in the 1990s to include asymmetric threats, extended deterrence, and regional security, and further evolved in the 2000s to encompass space, cyber, and economic security domains. Notably, the communiqués have operated by responding to major security incidents and crises, demonstrating the alliance's adaptability.
The analysis reveals that the South Korea-U.S. alliance's abandonment-entrapment dilemma exhibits more complexity and dynamism than theoretical predictions suggest. Concerns about abandonment and entrapment have manifested differently depending on the partners' situations and contexts, indicating that the South Korea-U.S. alliance has been reinterpreted beyond military cooperation within the context of strategic competition. Particularly in the 2020s, new structural challenges, including North Korean threats and U.S.-China strategic competition, demand greater institutional adaptability and strategic flexibility from the alliance.
This study contributes to analyzing and interpreting the evolutionary process of the South Korea-U.S. alliance through analysis of the SCM joint communiqués from the first to the fifty-fourth meeting, spanning half a century. However, the study's limitation in accessing informal discussions and internal conflicts due to the official nature of the documents suggests areas for future research.