Methylphenidate is a stimulant which is a first-line treatment for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD). However, there are concerns of potential misuse that students could use methylphenidate as a study aid, because it is known to have cogn...
Methylphenidate is a stimulant which is a first-line treatment for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD). However, there are concerns of potential misuse that students could use methylphenidate as a study aid, because it is known to have cognitive enhancing effects. This study thus aims to investigate (1) the patient characteristics and patterns of methylphenidate use among students in Korea according to the educational stages, (2) How the College Scholastic Ability Test(CSAT) influences these patterns, and (3) the patient characteristics of those who discontinued methylphenidate right after the CSAT.
This study utilized the National Health Insurance System Database during 2016~2020. Patients who were diagnosed with ADHD(F90.0) and prescribed methylphenidate in outpatient settings were included. The ‘Days Covered per Calendar Month’(per 10,000) during 2017~2020 were calculated by dividing the sum of the days covered by the entire student population. The patient characteristics and patterns of use were obtained according to the educational stages (elementary/middle/high/university) and high school grades. The patients characteristics of high school 3rd grade, a group mostly affected by the CSAT were also obtained. Patterns of their use according to the regions(Seoul(total), Seoul(educational districts), Major cities, Small cities, Rural areas) were analyzed. A dummy variable was created for every December to assess the impact of the CSAT on the patterns, and regression analysis was conducted. Furthermore, the patterns of specific cohorts were tracked from 1 year before the CSAT to 1 year after the CSAT. A chi-squared test was conducted to compare patient characteristics in those who discontinued methylphenidate right before and after the CSAT.
Among the educational stages, both high school group and university group showed significant drops of methylphenidate use in every December(β[p value]; -1.82[<.0001]; -0.44[<.0001]). When examining specific high school grades, the 3rd grade and the 2nd grade showed significant drops(-3.01[<.0001]; -0.67[0.0112]). Further analysis of high school 3rd grade according to the regions indicated that Seoul(education districts) showed the biggest drop(-12.34[<.0001]), followed by Seoul(total), Major cities, and Small cities(-7.91[<.0001]; -3.34[<.0001]; -2.11[<.0001]). Tracking the patterns of specific cohorts revealed that the ‘Days Covered per Calendar Month’ sharply declined around the time of CSAT, persisting thereafter. Discontinuation right after the CSAT was high among those living in cities, or with high income, or without comorbidities.
There are notable decreases in methylphenidate use especially among high school 3rd grade, and these patterns are more pronounced in regions with high passion for education. This suggests that methylphenidate could be used as a study aid among students. Consequently, further research is needed to verify its non-medical usage in practice, assess its effectiveness, and ensure its safety to provide an evidence supporting the safe usage of the medication.