조직생명주기이론 관점의 시민단체 변화과정 분석 - 광주 시민생활환경회의를 중심으로 - = An Organizational Change of NGO: A Case Study from the Perspective of Organization Life Cycle Theory

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study is to give a descriptive explanation on the NGO's organizaional change from the perspective of organization life cycle theory. Because it is very rare to find a case which successfully changed one's organizational goals, Conference for Citizens' Life and Environment in Gwangju is chosen for a single case study. The study result could be summarized as below: First, this NGO explicitly changed its organization goal from the political democratization to citizen's daily life environment movement. While many other organizations experience the failure of the vivid and sutainable activities, this NGO is successful on its goal change and activities in various businesses. Second, this NGO is unique in its financial management. Many other organizations shows some dependency on governmet subsidies or donations, this NGO tried to develop their own income source such as selling soaps and other daily life environment friendly materials. Third, this organization successfully installed self-governing monitoring rules and mechanisms to guarantee the transparency and sustainability when they tried to launch some new projects or businesses. These results give us an implication that NGOs are required to accept the environmental changes and needs and active efforts in changing their organization gosls, projects and businesses, and financial structures are essential for their sustainability.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 조직생명주기이론의 관점에서 NGO의 변화과정을 설명할 수 있는 기준을 도출한 후, 사례 분석을 통해 NGO의 조직생명주기 변화 과정을 기술적으로 정리해 보는 데 그 목적이 있다. 광주 시민생활환경회의를 대상으로 한 단일사례 연구를 수행한 결과 다음과 같은 시사점이 도출되었다. 첫째, 많은 시민단체들이 생성되고 설립당시 목표의 달성 등으로 인해 활동이 부진해 지거나 사실상 활동을 정지하는 소위 ‘죽은’ 조직이 되는 현상이 발견되지만, 본 연구의 사례 분석 대상은 조직 단위의 활동 목표를 보다 명시적으로 변환하여 활발한 활동을 지속하였다. 둘째, 수많은 시민단체들이 국고보조금, 기부금 등에 재정을 의존하는 경향을 보이는 반면 시민생활환경회의는 꾸준히 사업을 늘려가면서 자발적으로 재정을 확보하고, 전국단위의 조직으로 거듭나기 위해 노력해 왔다는 점을 발견할 수 있다. 셋째, 신사업 개발과 확장 과정은 기술적 역량 축적과 함께 정관 반영 등 조직 내부에서 절차적 정당성을 확보하고 이를 견제할 수 있는 장치를 만들어 운영함으로써 사업의 투명성 확보와 향후 지속적 추진을 위한 동력을 확보하였다. 사례분석 결과는 시민단체가 사회환경 변화에 따른 수요를 반영하여 조직 이념, 사업, 재정구조 등을 능동적으로 변화시켜 나가야 할 필요성을 확인해 주고 있다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 김병완, "환경NGO의 활동역량과 사회적 영향: 시민생환환경회의 10년의 성과와 과제, [법인창립 10주년 기념 자료집: 시민생활환경회의 10년, 그리고 10년의 과제]"

2 오석홍, "조직이론" 법문사 2011

3 시민생활환경회의, "법인창립 10주년 기념 자료집: 시민생활환경회의 10년, 그리고 10년의 과제"

4 이완수, "기업의 생명주기에 대한 실증적 연구 통신회사 KT의 정체성 개념을 중심으로" 한국PR학회 14 (14): 36-77, 2010

5 동아닷컴, "광주／전남］주암호 살리기위한 무공해비누 보급운동 펼쳐"

6 Campbell, D. T., "Variation and selective retention in Socio-Cultural Evolution" 14 : 69-85, 1969

7 Kohn, D., "Theories to Work by: Rejected Theories, Reproduction, and Darwin’s Path to Natural Selection" 4 : 67-198, 1980

8 Astley, W. G., "The Two Ecologies : Population and Community Perspectives on Organizational Evolution" 30 : 224-241, 1985

9 Hogan, D. P., "The Transition to Adulthood" 12 : 109-130, 1986

10 Adams, C. C., "The Relation of General Ecology to Human Ecology" 16 : 316-335, 1935

11 Hannan, M. T., "The Population Ecology of Organization" 82 : 929-964, 1977

12 Kimberly, J. R., "The Organizational Life Cycle" Jossey-Bass 1980

13 Freeman, J., "The Liability of Newness: Age Dependence in Organizational Death Rates" 40 : 215-228, 1983

14 Glick, P., "The Family Cycle" 14 : 164-174, 1947

15 Hannan, M. T., "The Ecology of Organizational Founding: American Labor Unions. 1836-1985" 92 : 910-943, 1987

16 Langton, J., "The Ecological Theory of Bureaucracy: The Case of Josiah Wedgwood and the British Pottery Industry" 29 : 330-354, 1984

17 Cafferata, G. L., "The Building of Democratic Organizations: An Embryological Metaphor" 27 : 280-303, 1982

18 Tuma, N. B., "Social Dynamics: Models and Methods" Academic 1984

19 Murphy, M., "Rethinking the Life Cycle" Macmillan 30-50, 1987

20 Freeman, J., "Research in Organizational Behavior, 4" JAI Press 1-32, 1982

21 Tushman, M. L., "Research in Organizational Behavior" JAI 171-222, 1985

22 Kazanjian, R. K., "Relation of Dominant Problems to Stage of Growth in Technology-based New Ventures" 31 : 257-279, 1988

23 Aldrich, H., "Organizations and Environments" Prentice-Hall 1979

24 Carroll, G. R., "Organizational Mortality in the Newspaper Industries of Argentina and Ireland: An Ecological Approach" 27 : 169-198, 1982

25 Quinn, R. E., "Organizational Life Cycles and Shifting Criteria of Effectiveness:Some Preliminary Evidence" 29 : 33-51, 1983

26 Lester, D., "Organizational Life Cycle: A Five-stage Empirical Scale" 11 (11): 339-354, 2003

27 Whetten, D. A., "Organizational Growth and Decline Processes" 13 : 335-358, 1987

28 Carroll, G. R., "Organizational Ecology" 10 : 71-93, 1984

29 이민창, "NGO의 영향력 형성요인에 관한 분석 -G시 NGO 내부 활동가의 주관적 인식을 중심으로-" 21세기기독교사회문화아카데미 27 (27): 273-313, 2013

30 Moores, K., "Management Accounting Systems and Organizational Configuration: A Life-cycle Perspective" 26 : 351-389, 2001

31 Hill, R., "Life-Span Development and Behavior (Vol. 2)" Academic Press 1979

32 Rossi, A. S., "Life Span Theories and Women’s Lives" 6 : 4-32, 1980

33 Grebenik, L. E., "Later Phase of the Family Cycle : Demographic Aspects" Clarendon 1989

34 Hawley, A. H., "Human Ecology: Persistence and Change" 24 : 423-444, 1981

35 Hawley, A. H., "Human Ecology: A Theory of Community Structure" Free 1950

36 Featherman, D. L., "Human Development and the Life Course:Multidisciplinary Perspectives" Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 99-149, 1986

37 Stinchcombe, A., "Handbook of Organizations" Rand McNally 142-193, 1965

38 Bengtson, V. L., "Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences" Van Nostrand Reinhold 303-338, 1985

39 Freeman, J., "Growth and Decline Processes in Organizations" 48 : 692-710, 1975

40 Bengtson, V. L., "Grandparenthood" Sage 1985

41 Balkin, D. B., "Explaining team-based pay: A contingency perspective based on the organizational life cycle, team design, and organizational learning literatures" 10 (10): 249-269, 2000

42 Greiner, L. E., "Evolution and Revolution as Organizations Grow" 50 : 37-46, 1972

43 Knipsheer, C. P. M., "Emergent Theories of Aging" Springer 426-446, 1988

44 Weitzel, W., "Decline in Organizations : A Literature Integration and Extension" 34 : 91-109, 1989

45 Uhlenberg, P., "Death and the Family" 4 : 313-320, 1980

46 Hareven, T. K., "Cycles, Courses, and Cohorts: Reflections on Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to the Historical Study on Family Development" 23 : 97-109, 1978

47 Faber, B., "Consumer Behavior:Models of Household Decision Making" New York University Press 276-297, 1961

48 Angela M. O’Rand, "Concepts of the Life Cycle: Their History, Meaning, and Uses in the Social Sciences" 16 : 241-262, 1990

49 Juster, S. M., "Changing Perspectives on the American Family in the Past" 13 : 193-216, 1987

50 Penrose, E. T., "Biological Analogies in the Theory of the Firm" 42 : 804-819, 1952

51 Elder, G. H. Jr., "Approaches to Social Change and the Family" 84 : S1-S38, 1978

52 Miller, D, "A Longitudinal Study of Corporate Life Cycle" 30 (30): 1161-1183, 1984

53 기획취재팀, "3대 수계 수질개선 특별법 환경노동위 통과"

54 시민생활환경회의, "2012 정기총회"

55 시민생활환경회의, "2010 정기총회"

56 시민생활환경회의, "2009 정기총회"

57 시민생활환경회의, "2008 정기총회"

58 시민생활환경회의, "2007 정기총회"

59 시민생활환경회의, "2006 정기총회"