Ferric methanesulfonate as an effective and environmentally sustainable lixiviant for Zn extraction from sphalerite (ZnS)

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Zinc is currently extracted from sphalerite (ZnS) by either sintering-smelting or roasting-leaching. Thesehigh-temperature processes produce environmentally hazardous sulfur dioxide gas. Hence, sustainablezinc extraction calls for direct leaching at low temperatures. Here, we show that ferric methanesulfonateis a high performing lixiviant for this purpose. Using 0.8 M ferric methanesulfonate, 99.3% Zn wasextracted from 106 150 mm sphalerite particles after leaching at 70 C for 96 h. Elemental sulfur, ratherthan sulfur dioxide, was produced as a by-product. When compared to common inorganic lixiviants suchas ferric sulfate or ferric chloride, ferric methanesulfonate demonstrates greater extraction efficiency andis less corrosive, less toxic, and does not release harmful gases. Mineralogical, microscopical, andcompositional characterization of reaction products confirmed the formation of a core–shell structureconsisting of a sphalerite core and a sulfur shell, and the manifestation of a coupled dissolutionreprecipitationmineral replacement mechanism. Efficient zinc extraction was facilitated by theinterconnected pores in sulfur, which provided pathways for mass transfer between the lixiviant andsphalerite core. The precipitation of anglesite (PbSO4), which in some instances caused surfacepassivation through the infilling of sulfur shells, suggests that Pb2+ concentration should be controlledwhen applying ferric methanesulfonate for Zn extraction.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 P. Xing, 7 : 9498-9505, 2019

2 T. Palden, 21 : 5394-5404, 2019

3 T. Palden, 7 : 4239-4246, 2019

4 F. Nikkhou, 8 : 14407-14416, 2020

5 G. Owusu, 38 : 315-324, 1995

6 S. Sahu, 37 : 541-549, 2006

7 F. Nikkhou, 188 : 201-215, 2019

8 N. G. Picazo-Rodríguez, 10 : 1-14, 2020

9 J. Dutrizac, 37 : 161-171, 2006

10 S. Karimi, 162 : 58-68, 2017

11 S. Aydogan, 114 : 67-72, 2005

12 A. Adebayo, 5 : 167-177, 2006

13 M. Copur, 15 : 181-184, 2001

14 F. Estrada-de los Santos, 163 : 167-175, 2016

15 M. M. Solomon, 5 : 809-820, 2017

16 A. L. Chong, 4 : 1746-1755, 2016

17 J. Lochmann, 37 : 89-96, 1995

18 M. Gernon, 1 : 127-140, 1999

19 Q. Feng, 56 : 365-371, 2015

20 Q. Feng, 22 : 159-168, 2015

21 Q. Zhang, 55 : 1-9, 2019

22 T. Hidalgo, 125 : 66-74, 2018

23 T. Hidalgo, 188 : 140-156, 2019

24 J. Ahn, 187 : 54-62, 2019

25 Z. Wu, 142 : 121-130, 2014

26 Z. Wu, University of British Columbia 2012

27 N. J. Cook, 73 : 4761-4791, 2009

28 J. Deng, 136 : 168-174, 2019

29 A. Akcil, 71 : 233-246, 2003

30 R. Zárate-Gutiérrez, 104 : 8-13, 2010

31 R. Zarate-Gutierrez, 54 : 305-309, 2015

32 K. G. Knauss, 52 : 43-53, 1988

33 C. G. Weisener, 74 : 239-249, 2004

34 M. Ghosh, 66 : 241-254, 2002

35 L. Tian, 59 : 1-17, 2020

36 H. Majima, 12 : 645-649, 1981

37 F. K. Crundwell, 124 : 15347-15354, 2020

38 F. Crundwell, 21 : 155-190, 1988

39 F. Crundwell, 19 : 227-242, 1987

40 J. D. Keys, 9 : 453-467, 1968

41 S. M. Santos, 23 : 606-615, 2010

42 L. Zhao, 11 : 1-11, 2018

43 Y. Zhou, 191 : 105209-, 2020

44 L. Sinclair, 157 : 306-324, 2015

45 M. Al-Harahsheh, 46 : 883-888, 2007

46 F. Crundwell, 17 : 369-384, 1987

47 F. K. Crundwell, University of the Witwatersrand 1985

48 S. Hulbert, 6 : 11-20, 1969

49 X. Yao, 175 : 1-25, 2020

50 A. Putnis, 70 : 87-124, 2009

51 A. Putnis, 80 : 1-23, 2015

52 F. Xia, 99 : 2398-2404, 2014

53 A. Altree-Williams, 150 : 628-651, 2015

54 F. Xia, 73 : 1945-1969, 2009

55 E. Ruiz-Agudo, 44 : 567-570, 2016

56 F. Xia, 9 : 4902-4906, 2009

57 G. Qian, 96 : 1878-1893, 2011

58 M. Kartal, 191 : 1-17, 2019

59 F. Nikkhou, 197 : 105468-, 2020

60 J. Zhao, 98 : 19-32, 2013

61 Y. Xing, 504 : 158-176, 2019

62 Q. Kang, 517 : 1049-1055, 2014

63 C. Raufaste, 467 : 1408-1426, 2011

64 C. V. Putnis, 90 : 1909-1912, 2005

65 N. Beaudoin, 232 : 163-180, 2018

66 H. Sohn, "Lead and Zinc Production" Elsevier 671-700, 2014

67 S. Patai, "Chemistry of Sulphinic Acids, Esters and their Derivatives" Wiley 1990

68 I. Springborn Laboratories, "An acute oral toxicity study in rats with 70%methane sulfonic acid"

69 A. Putnis, "An Introduction to Mineral Sciences" Cambridge University Press 1992