Textbook of membrane biology

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• 1 Introduction to Biomembranes = 1
• 1.1 Overview = 1
• 1.1.1 Selectively Permeable Barrier = 1
• 1.1.2 Interaction and Communication with External Environment = 1
• 1.1.3 Energy Transduction = 1
• 1.1.4 Intracellular Transport = 1
• 1.1.5 Transmission of Nerve Impulse = 2
• 1.1.6 Cell–Cell Interaction = 2
• 1.2 Historical Background = 2
• 1.3 Composition of Biological Membranes = 7
• 1.3.1 Membrane Lipids = 9
• 1.3.2 Phospholipids = 10
• 1.3.3 Glycolipids = 14
• 1.3.4 Sterols = 14
• 1.4 Unique Lipid Composition of Cell Organelle Membranes = 15
• 1.5 Transbilayer Lipid Asymmetry = 17
• 1.6 Carbohydrates in Membranes = 20
• References = 27
• 2 Membrane Structure = 29
• 2.1 Lipid Water Systems : Thermodynamics, CMC = 29
• 2.1.1 Determination of CMC = 30
• 2.1.2 Surface Tension = 30
• 2.1.3 Conductivity = 31
• 2.1.4 Polymorphic Lipid–Water Systems／Phases = 31
• 2.2 Determinants of Polymorphic Phases: Shapes, Critical Packing Parameter = 33
• 2.3 Lipid Phase Transitions = 35
• 2.4 Technique Used to Study Lipid Phase Transitions = 35
• 2.5 Factors Affecting Lipid Phase Transitions = 36
• 2.6 Polymorphic Lipid Phases and Their Physiological Roles = 37
• 2.6.1 Membrane Curvature = 38
• 2.6.2 Fusion = 39
• 2.6.3 Transbilayer Transport = 41
• 2.6.4 Lipid Rafts = 41
• 2.7 Model Membrane Systems = 42
• 2.7.1 Lipid Monolayers = 42
• 2.7.2 Supported Planar Lipid Bilayer = 43
• 2.7.3 Planar Bilayer at the Tip of Patch Pipette = 43
• 2.7.4 Liposomes = 44
• 2.7.5 Nanodisks = 46
• 2.7.6 Black Lipid Membranes (BLMs) = 47
• References = 47
• 3 Membrane Proteins = 49
• 3.1 Types of Membrane Proteins = 49
• 3.1.1 Peripheral Proteins = 50
• 3.1.2 Integral Membrane Proteins (IMP) = 53
• 3.1.3 Lipid-Anchored Proteins = 59
• 3.2 Techniques to Study Membrane Proteins = 64
• 3.2.1 Cell Disruption Methods = 64
• 3.2.2 Membrane Separation and Isolation = 67
• 3.2.3 Solubilization of Membrane Proteins = 71
• 3.2.4 Membrane Protein Purification and Characterization = 74
• 3.3 Membrane Protein Topology = 76
• 3.3.1 The Major Membrane Topology Determinants Are as Follows = 78
• 3.3.2 Experimental Tools to Determine the Membrane Topology of Proteins = 78
• References = 79
• 4 Function and Characterization of Cellular Membranes = 81
• 4.1 Plasma Membrane : Specialized Membrane Structures = 81
• 4.1.1 Tight Junctions = 81
• 4.1.2 Desmosomes = 84
• 4.1.3 Hemidesmosomes = 85
• 4.1.4 Gap Junctions = 86
• 4.1.5 Lipid Rafts = 90
• 4.2 The Nuclear Envelope = 93
• 4.2.1 Nuclear Envelope Breakdown During Mitosis = 94
• 4.2.2 The Nuclear Envelope Reformation = 96
• 4.3 Endoplasmic Reticulum = 97
• 4.4 Golgi Apparatus = 102
• 4.4.1 Functions of Golgi Apparatus = 103
• 4.5 Lysosomes = 107
• 4.6 Outer and Inner Mitochondrial Membranes = 111
• 4.6.1 The Mitochondrial Outer Membrane (MOM) = 112
• 4.6.2 The Inner Membrane = 116
• References = 119
• 5 Membrane Dynamics = 121
• 5.1 Membrane Fluidity = 121
• 5.2 Motion of Membrane Components = 121
• 5.3 Factors Affecting Membrane Fluidity = 124
• 5.3.1 Lipid Composition = 124
• 5.3.2 Diet = 125
• 5.3.3 Temperature = 125
• 5.3.4 Osmotic Stress = 125
• 5.3.5 Cell Cycle and Development = 125
• 5.3.6 Disease = 125
• 5.3.7 Anesthetics = 126
• 5.3.8 Ca²⁺ and Other Divalent Cations = 126
• 5.4 Techniques to Determine the Rate of Molecular Motion in Membranes = 126
• 5.4.1 Techniques to Study Lateral Diffusion in Membranes = 126
• 5.4.2 Confocal Microscopy = 126
• 5.4.3 Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) = 127
• 5.4.4 Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) = 128
• 5.4.5 Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) = 129
• 5.4.6 Single-Particle Tracking (SPT) = 131
• 5.4.7 Techniques to Study Rotational Motion in Membranes = 131
• 5.4.8 Techniques to Study Transbilayer Motion in Membranes = 132
• 5.5 Barriers Affecting Lateral Diffusion of Molecules in Membranes = 134
• 5.5.1 Physical Barriers = 134
• 5.5.2 The Cytoskeleton = 134
• 5.5.3 Membrane–Membrane Junctions = 136
• 5.5.4 Membrane–Matrix Junctions = 136
• 5.5.5 Intramembranous Clusters = 136
• 5.6 Polarized Cells = 138
• 5.6.1 Epithelial Cell = 138
• 5.6.2 Neuron = 139
• 5.7 Organization of the Erythrocyte Membrane = 140
• 5.7.1 Membrane Proteins = 141
• 5.7.2 Integral Membrane Proteins = 143
• 5.7.3 Peripheral Membrane Proteins = 144
• 5.8 Homeoviscous Adaptation = 145
• References = 146
• 6 Membrane Transport = 149
• 6.1 Introduction = 149
• 6.2 Passive Diffusion = 150
• 6.3 Facilitated Transport of Glucose = 151
• 6.4 Facilitated Chloride–Bicarbonate Transport = 154
• 6.5 Primary Active Transport = 156
• 6.6 P-Type (E₁–E₂) ATPases = 156
• 6.6.1 Structure of P-Type ATPases = 158
• 6.6.2 Phosphorylation Domain = 158
• 6.6.3 Nucleotide-Binding Domain = 158
• 6.6.4 The Actuator Domain = 159
• 6.6.5 Membrane Domain = 159
• 6.6.6 Transport Cycle of P-Type ATPases = 159
• 6.7 Vacuolar [V-Type] ATPases = 160
• 6.8 Secondary Transport = 163
• 6.8.1 Secondary Transport of Disaccharide Lactose by Lactose Permease (LacY) = 164
• 6.8.2 Sodium／Glucose Secondary Transport = 165
• 6.9 ABC Transporter = 167
• 6.9.1 Mechanism of ABC Transporter = 168
• 6.9.2 Classification of ABC Transporters in Mammals = 169
• 6.10 Lipid Transporters in Maintaining Membrane Asymmetry = 170
• 6.11 Aquaporins = 171
• 6.11.1 Structure and Function of Aquaporins = 171
• 6.12 Active Transport Through Group Translocation in Bacteria = 174
• 6.12.1 Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) : Carbohydrate Phosphotransferase System = 174
• 6.13 Light-Driven Transport = 175
• 6.14 Pore-Forming Toxins = 179
• 6.14.1 Activated Signal Pathway and Toxin Effect in Host Cells = 186
• 6.15 Ionophores = 186
• 6.16 Porins in Biological Membranes = 191
• 6.17 Transport by Channel Proteins = 194
• 6.18 Transport Through Ion Channel P2X Receptors = 194
• 6.19 The Pentamer Cysteine Loop Gama-Amino Butyric Acid Receptors (GABAA)= 194
• 6.20 Tetrameric Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor Channels N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA)= 196
• 6.21 Voltage-Gated Ion Channels = 198
• 6.22 K2P Channels Are Not Leaky Channels = 201
• References = 202
• 7 Nerve Transmission = 205
• 7.1 Introduction = 205
• 7.2 Nernst Equation = 205
• 7.3 Nerve Cell = 207
• 7.4 Resting Membrane Potential = 209
• 7.5 Action Potential = 210
• 7.5.1 Refractory Period = 212
• 7.6 Propagation of Action Potential = 213
• 7.7 Saltatory Conduction = 213
• 7.8 Electrical and Chemical Synapses = 214
• 7.9 Exocytosis of Neurotransmitter = 219
• References = 222
• 8 Bioenergetics and Energy Transduction = 223
• 8.1 Bioenergetics = 223
• 8.1.1 Difference Between ΔG and ΔG⁰ = 227
• 8.1.2 Energy Currency of the Cell = 228
• 8.2 Oxidation–Reduction Potential = 228
• 8.3 Types of Electron Carriers = 231
• 8.4 Oxidative Phosphorylation = 234
• 8.4.1 Sequence of Electron Carriers in Electron Transport Chain = 234
• 8.5 Electron Transport Complexes = 237
• 8.5.1 Complex Ⅰ = 237
• 8.5.2 Complex Ⅱ = 241
• 8.5.3 Complex Ⅲ = 242
• 8.5.4 Complex Ⅳ = 246
• 8.6 Chemiosmotic Theory and Proton-Motive Force = 250
• 8.7 ATP Synthesis = 251
• 8.8 The Electron Transport Chain—An Overview = 255
• 8.9 Regulation of Oxidative Phosphorylation = 257
• 8.9.1 The Availability of Substrates = 257
• 8.9.2 Proton Permeability of Membranes = 259
• 8.9.3 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Production = 261
• 8.9.4 Apoptosis = 261
• 8.10 Photosynthesis = 263
• 8.11 Light Energy = 264
• 8.11.1 Site of Photosynthesis = 268
• 8.12 Process of Light Reaction of Photosynthesis = 270
• 8.12.1 Purple Photosynthetic Bacteria = 272
• 8.12.2 Plants = 274
• 8.12.3 Photoreaction = 277
• 8.12.4 Electron Transport Through PSII = 277
• 8.12.5 Mechanism of O₂ Evolution = 279
• 8.12.6 The Cytochrome b₆f Connects PSII and PSI = 280
• 8.12.7 Electron Transport Through PSI = 282
• 8.12.8 Physical Arrangement Within the Thylakoid = 282
• 8.12.9 Cyclic Photophosphorylation = 285
• 8.12.10 The Stoichiometry of Photophosphorylation = 285
• 8.13 Carbon Assimilation = 287
• 8.13.1 Phase 1 : Carbon Fixation = 287
• 8.13.2 Phase 2 : Reduction = 287
• 8.13.3 Phase 3 : Formation of Hexose Sugar and Regeneration of RuBP = 287
• 8.13.4 Alternate Pathways of Carbon Fixation in Hot, Arid Climates = 289
• 8.13.5 Biological Adaptation to Minimize Photorespiration = 289
• References = 291
• 9 Membrane Receptors and Signal Transduction Pathway = 293
• 9.1 Hormone Receptors = 293
• 9.2 G-Protein-Coupled Signaling Pathway = 293
• 9.3 G-Protein-Dependent Signaling Through cAMP 295
• 9.4 G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases . . 295
• 9.5 Tyrosine Kinase-Mediated Receptor Signaling = 299
• 9.6 Transactivation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor by G-Protein Couple Receptors = 303
• 9.7 G-Protein-Independent Signaling = 304
• 9.7.1 β Arrestin-Dependent Signaling = 304
• 9.7.2 Chemokine Receptors Signaling = 309
• 9.8 The Janus Kinases and Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription = 310
• 9.8.1 Cytokine Receptor Signaling via JAKs = 311
• 9.8.2 Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcriptions (STATs) = 312
• 9.9 Receptor Serine／Threonine Kinases = 314
• 9.9.1 Serine／Threonine Kinase Signaling in T-Cell Proliferation = 315
• 9.9.2 Serine–Threonine Kinase Pathways Regulation by Ras = 317
• 9.9.3 The Serine–Threonine Kinase Akt = 318
• 9.10 Tumor Growth Factor (TGF-β) Signaling = 319
• 9.11 Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Signaling = 322
• 9.12 Cell Adhesion Receptors = 326
• 9.12.1 Selectins = 331
• 9.13 Immunoglobulin Superfamily Receptors = 332
• 9.13.1 Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) = 338
• 9.13.2 Surface Immunoglobulins = 342
• References = 343
• 10 Recycling of Membranes = 345
• 10.1 Introduction = 345
• 10.2 Type of Vesicle Transport = 345
• 10.3 Clathrin-Coated Vesicles Mediated Endocytosis and Recycling of Membrane = 347
• 10.3.1 The Clathrin-Coated Vesicle (CCV) Cycling = 347
• 10.3.2 Constitutive and Inducible Endocytosis by Clathrin Coating Vesicle = 350
• 10.4 Noncoated Vesicles in Endocytosis = 350
• 10.5 Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis (CIE) = 351
• 10.5.1 Endocytosis by Caveolae = 351
• 10.5.2 The Clathrin-Independent Carrier (CLIC)—GPI-Anchored Protein-Enriched Early Endosomal Compartment (GEEC) Cycling = 354
• 10.6 Coatomer Protein (COP) Vesicles = 356
• 10.6.1 The Coatomer Protein Ⅰ (COP)I in Transport = 356
• 10.6.2 Coatomer Protein (COP) Ⅱ Vesicles in Transport = 357
• 10.7 Internalization by the Exomer Complex = 358
• 10.8 Recycling of Synaptic Vesicle = 360
• 10.9 Exocytosis = 361
• References = 368