The flexible organic light emitting diode display has recently attracted great attention in the display market because it has superior characteristics such as color gamut, contrast ratio, viewing angle, and power consumption compared to a conventional...
The flexible organic light emitting diode display has recently attracted great attention in the display market because it has superior characteristics such as color gamut, contrast ratio, viewing angle, and power consumption compared to a conventional liquid crystal display. In particular, unlike a liquid crystal display that emits light through a BLU (Back Light Unit), an organic light emitting diode has characteristics of self-emission and thus a device having a thin thickness can be manufactured, which has a great advantage in terms of design freedom. Despite of having such excellent characteristics, the flexible organic light emitting diode display uses a polymer as a substrate when manufacturing a device, and unlike the liquid crystal display that used glass, oxygen or moisture in the air is permeated well into the substrate and thus, they react organic materials and aluminum electrodes, which causes problems such as oxidation, crystallization and peeling. This results in areas of black spots that are not illuminated. Therefore, in order to solve such a problem, an encapsulation film technology capable of blocking moisture from the outside has become important. In particular, in the field of foldable displays having a radius of curvature of 1.5 mm or less, development of a thin film encapsulation technology having excellent moisture permeation resistance has become very important. Thin-film encapsulation technology refers to a technique of depositing a water-permeable barrier on a flexible substrate such as a polymer substrate, and it has an advantage of manufacturing a thinner and lighter device than a conventional metal can/glass encapsulation method. However, the thin film encapsulation technology has a disadvantage in that the water permeation characteristics are inferior to conventional glass due to the thin film thickness and defects generated during deposition. In order to overcome this problem, ViTEX社 has proposed an organic / inorganic hybrid structure, which is formed by alternately stacking a high density inorganic film that prevents water permeation and an organic film that can secure flexibility. In other words, the defects were complemented with a multilayered film structures and the flexibility of the encapsulation film was ensured with the organic layer. Currently, manufacturers of flexible OLED displays are applying the organic / inorganic layers mentioned above alternately and applying them to the moisture barrier. However, each company has an optimized organic / inorganic film type and structure, and has been actively researching materials and deposition technologies in terms of excellent water permeation prevention properties and high productivity. Inorganic thin film encapsulation technology can be deposited by chemical vapor deposition, atomic layer deposition, sputtering, etc. Among these techniques, inorganic film deposition using atomic layer deposition It shows the most excellent characteristic in this water permeation prevention property. However, the deposition rate is very low as 6-7nm / min is still difficult to apply to mass production technology. Therefore, in case of inorganic film deposition, research on encapsulation film technology using gas phase chemical vapor deposition is the most conducted at present. However, in the case of the PE-CVD method, since the process temperature must be deposited at 100°C or lower during the deposition of the encapsulation film, it is difficult to form a high quality encapsulation film having a high density of thin films with few defects at low temperatures. Recently, research on thin film encapsulation technology with high deposition rate and low moisture permeability at low temperature is being actively conducted through the development of various deposition equipment and methods.
At the first chapter of this study, we developed new SiOxNy thin film using ICP-CVD and presented new insights into the principle of formation of high quality moisture barrier film by non-classical CVD approach based on charged nanoparticle theory. In order to determine whether SiOxNy nanoparticles are produced in the gas phase according to various process variables, the nanoparticles generated in the gas phase were captured by using a TEM grid, and the captured SiOxNy nanoparticles were analyzed by TEM for the first time. Through TEM analysis, we confirmed that 20- 300 nm-sized SiOxNy nanoparticles were formed in the gas phase. In the observed nanoparticles, the size, shape, and degree of aggregation between nanoparticles were significantly different according to the process conditions. When the argon/silane ratio was low and the power was low, the nanoparticles formed in the gas phase were large in size, irregular in shape, and largely aggregated among the nanoparticles, and were also amorphous nanoparticles.
On the other hand, the higher the argon/silane ratio and the higher the power, the smaller the size of the nanoparticles and uniform nanoparticles were confirmed. In addition, the resulting nanoparticles had a circular shape and the aggregation between the nanoparticles gradually disappeared. Under optimized conditions, single and circular nanoparticles of 20-30nm size without any aggregation between nanoparticles were identified, and even single-crystal nanoparticles were identified under specific power conditions. After confirming the initial nanoparticle behavior generated in the gas phase through the TEM analysis, the actual moisture permeation resistance characteristics were confirmed through thin film deposition. The film deposited at high argon / silane ratio with high power has 1,000 times superior barrier property than the film deposited at low argon / silane ratio with low power. Through this study, we confirmed and suggested for the first time that there is a strong correlation between the behavior of SiOxNy nanoparticles generated in the gas phase and the formation of high density encapsulation film at low temperature of ~100 ℃. It is expected that this non-classical CVD approach based on the theory of charged nanoparticles play a significant role controlling various thin film properties at various electronic field.
At the second chapters of this study, silicon oxide (SiOx) barrier films were deposited on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate at 20 °C using reactive dual magnetron sputtering system. The oxygen flow rate, input sputtering power and film thickness were changed to optimize the barrier properties of SiOx films. Details of sputtering power and film thickness effects on the SiOx properties in terms of residual stress, surface, roughness, density, interface of SiOx/PET, and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) were investigated. Especially, we focused our attention on the effects of sputtering power on the final barrier properties. A high density of 2.42 g/cm3 SiOx film with high transmittance of 92% was obtained. Even at low substrate temperature of 20°C, the 300 nm-thick SiOx barrier film exhibited superior WVTR value of 7.7 × 10-3 g/m2/day as a single barrier layer using roll to roll reactive sputtering.