External Influence and Challenges of State-building in Nepal

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This article deals with the role of external actors in the post-2006 state-building process in Nepal. Two issues have dominated the state-building narrative after 2006: the peace-process and the constitutional process. There has been a strong presence of international agencies. Both issues were later usurped by the external agencies and Nepal loses its upper hand in determining politics, policies, and the law and reverted beyond the 1923 situation. Foreign policy, which should have been used to rescue the country from such a dilemma, could not act in the context of a weak centre. Against this background, this article endeavours to explain the degree of external pressure vis-à-vis the state-building process in Nepal. The central argument of this article is that among many other factors, state-building in Nepal suffers both ‘because of and despite’ its geo-strategic locations and it proposes a proactive foreign policy as the balancing force.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Tolstrup, J., "When can external actors influence democratization? Leverage, linkages, and gatekeeper elites" Stanford University 2010

2 Collier, P., "Wars, Guns, and Voters: Democracy in Dangerous Places" HarperCollins 2009

3 Bhatta, C. D., "Unveiling Nepal’s civil society" 8 (8): 185-199, 2012

4 Baje, M., "Trilateral reality check’ in Nepali Notebook"

5 Galtung, J., "Transformation of conflict in Nepal: a human rights perspective, In Conflict, Human Rights and Peace: Challenges Before Nepal (Rishikesh Shaha Memorial Lectures 2003)" National Human Rights Commission 108-132, 2003

6 Lemay-He´bert, N., "The bifurcation of the two-worlds: assessing the gap between internationals and locals in statebuilding processes" 32 (32): 1823-1844, 2011

7 Dahal, D. R., "The art of survival: policy choices for Nepal" 5 : 2011

8 Easterly, W., "The White Man’s Burden: Why the West’s Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good" Penguin Press 2006

9 Kaplan, R. D., "The Revenge of Geography: What the Map Tells Us about Coming Conflicts and the Battle against the Fate" Random House 2012

10 Tilly, C., "The Formation of National States in Western Europe" Princeton University Press 1975

11 Sachs, J., "The End of Poverty: the Economic Possibilities of Our Time" Penguin Books 2005

12 Rangarajan, L. N., "The Arthashastra" Penguin Books 1992

13 Marquette, H., "Statebuilding, security and development: statebuilding as a new development paradigm?" 32 (32): 1703-1714, 2011

14 Lemay-He´bert, N., "Statebuilding without nation-building? Legitimacy, state failure, and the limits of the institutionalist approach" 3 (3): 21-45, 2009

15 Bhatta, C. D., "State-civil society interface in Nepal, In State-Civil Society Interface in Nepal: Renegotiating the Role Between the Private and the Political" Pragya Foundation and Friedrich-Ebert-Foundation 2011

16 Fukuyama, F., "State-building: Governance and World Order in the 21st Century" Profile Books 2004

17 Migdel, J., "State in Society: Studying How States and Societies Transform and Constitute One Another" Cambridge University Press 2001

18 Lohani, P. C., "Shifting paradigm: Nepal-India relationship"

19 Krasner, S. D., "Review article: foreign aid: competing paradigms" 5 (5): 123-149, 2011

20 Morgenthau, H. J., "Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace" University of California 1948

21 Gajurel, D., "Political deadlock in Nepal: role of external forces" 2010

22 Huntington, S., "Political Order in Changing Societies" Yale University Press 1968

23 Denskus, T., "Peacebuilding does not build peace" 17 (17): 656-662, 2007

24 Rose, L., "Nepal’s Strategy for Survival" University of California Press 1971

25 Ghimire, Y., "Nepal: dignifying interdependence: neighbourhood views of India" Indian Council on World Affairs 2012

26 Sharma, J., "Nepal: Struggle for Existence" Gorkhapatra Sansthan Press 1986

27 Baral, L. R., "Nepal-India relations formal treaty and beyond" 13 (13): 2010

28 Duquesne I., "NEPAL Zone of Peace: A Revised Concept for the Constitution" L’Harmattan and Bhrikuti Academic Publications 2011

29 Khadka, N., "Miyobinako Rajniti" Kantipur Publications 2012

30 Khatri, S. K., "Missed opportunity-I&II" The Kathmandu Post 2010

31 Jenkins, R., "Making governance for politics: foreign aid, democracy, and the construction of the civil society, In Civil Society History and Possibilities" Cambridge University Press 2002

32 Fischer, J., "Living Martyrs: Individuals and Revolution in Nepal" Oxford University Press 1997

33 Crocker, C., "Lessons on intervention’ in Managing Conflict in the Post Cold War World: The Role of Intervention" Aspen Institute 77-, 1995

34 Reiss, H. S., "Kant: Political Writings" Cambridge University Press 1970

35 Datta-Ray, S. K., "Juggling with the Himalayan Balkans" New York Times 1992

36 Bhattarai, B., "Issues of general congress" 4 (4): 2013

37 Muni, S. D., "India-Nepal: A Changing Relationship" Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd 1996

38 Vijay, T., "India must speak out"

39 People’s Review Weekly, "Golden middle path in 1990 constitution"

40 Dahal, D. R., "Geopolitics of Nepal: survival strategy of a small state, In The Political Economy of Small States" Nepal Foundation for Advanced Studies/ Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftug 1998

41 Khatri, S. K., "Foreign policy in the changed context of Nepal" 2012

42 Ghani, A., "Fixing Failed States: A Framework for Rebuilding a Fractured World" Oxford University Press 2008

43 Sharma, M., "Faustian bargain"

44 Moyo, D., "Dead Aid: Why Aid is Not Working and How There is a Better Way for Africa" Farrar, Straus, and Giroux 2009

45 Bleie, T., "DDR in Nepal: Stakeholder Politics and the Implementation for Reintegration as a Process of Disengagement" University of Tromso

46 OECD, "Conflict and Fragility: Do No Harm*International Support of State-building"

47 OECD, "Conflict and Fragility: Do No Harm*International Support of State-building"

48 Bhatta, C. D., "Challenges of State-building in Nepal" Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung 2008

49 Thapa, B. B., "Challenges of Nepal’s foreign policy’. A Report on Emerging Challenges of Nepal’s Foreign Policy National Level Seminars" Jointly organized by Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung and Institute of Foreign Affairs 2012

50 Ghani, A., "An agenda for state-building in the twenty-first century" 30 (30): 101-, 2006

51 Spykman, N. J., "American’s Strategy in World Politics: The United States and Balance of Power" Harcourt, Brace 15-41, 1942