宣祖 二十五年頃의 建州女眞 = The Chien-chou Jurchens in the 25th Year of King Sun-jo of Yi Dynasty

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The present study is intended to consider the situation of the Chien-chou Jurchens(建州女眞族) that lived in Manchuria and on the northeastern border of Korea, in the 25th year of King Sun-jo(宣祖) of Yi Dynasty. It was in this 25th year of King Sun-jo, just 10 years after the emergence of Nurhachi, that the 200 year history of the Three Wei of the Chien-chou(建州三衛) as such came to an end. After he unified the three Wei of the Chien-chou Jurchen under his domination, Nurhachi adopted new policies which gave a new turn to the life of the Jurchen people. He established a system by which he made his troops stationed at villages farm land, while forbidding them to hunt game. The crops from these lands were consumed by the farming troops themselves, and this system of farming by the soldiery was founded on a concept of the unity of the military and agriculture. The period of this rapid development of the Manchuria of Nurhachi is subdivided into two, the first covering the time from his debut to the 26th year of King Sun-jo, and the second the time thereafter. In the first period Nurhachi was acknowledged by Ming China as a general of its forces. He was respected by his followers, as the son of the king and he himself stressed his being the chief of the Left Wei of Chien-chou(建州左衛). It was in this period too that Nurhachi requested the dispatch of a reinforcement force to Yi Dynasty, which was then facing the invasion by the Japanese in 1592. In answer to this Korea sent a general Sin Chung-il, (申忠一) to the Chien-chou Jurchens with a secret mission to spy upon these barbarians rapidly rising in power. General Sin was lodged in the castle of the Jurchens for seven days. Upon return home, General Sin submitted his report, in which he emphasized that the Jurchens were no more a loose group of mere tribal clans that they had been shortly before. In that 97-point report the most important was about the military actions of the Jurchens under Nurhachi. And a matter of especial import was about the battle between the Chien-chou Jurchens and the Hai-hsi Jurchens(海西女眞族) waged in the 26th year of King Sun-jo, and, thanks to this military victory by Nurhachi over his Hai-hsi brethren reported by General Sin, the emergence of the Chien-chou Jurchens as a threat was recognized by the Koreans of the Yi dynasty. But the Hai-hsi Jurchens, although they surrendered to Nurhachi, they did not surrender without grudges, and their grudges were given vent in their second battle against him in the 40th year of King Sun-jo. In this period, however, Nurhachi was not as yet ready to invade Korea, because the Hai-hsi Jurchens’ surrender was by no means considered a total surrender. Nevertheless, with a decisive, final battle against his Hai-hsi brethren foreseen before long, he extended his military action across the Korean border line, mainly to strengthen his manpower by means of recruiting by force those minority Jurchens inhabiting the northeastern frontier of Korea. Until th 34th year of King Sun-jo, however, Nurhachi was unable to have his military system fully organized. It can roughly be said that the age of clan warfare had been brought to an end for the Jurchens by his unification of the three Wei, but, strictly speaking, their clan warfare was still going on since the Hai-hsi Jurchens surrender had not been a complete submission. and Nurhachi had yet to fight them one more time. The more or less complete organization of Nurhachi’s fighting forces was made possible in the 34th year of King Sun-jo, and later in the seventh year of King Kwang-hae(光海主) it was perfected. Around the 34th year of King Sun-jo Nurhachi entered the northestern frontier of Korea and took away the minority Jurchens residing there to increase his fighting force, and therefore, it was a time of new organization.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 序論
• Ⅱ. 申忠一의 建州女眞 報告
• Ⅲ. 建州女眞의 軍備狀況
• Ⅳ. 建州女眞의 勢力範圍
• Ⅴ. 弩爾哈赤의 世系
• Ⅵ. 結論