보관 환경이 다른 목재 종의 화재위험성 등급 평가 및 예측 = Assessment and Pred iction o f Fire Risk Grad es o f Wood Species in Different Storage Environments

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In this study, the fire risk index of different wood species used in construction was calculated using Chung's equations-II,Chung's equations-III, and Chung's equation-IV. The test specimens were from larch, Russian ash, sapele, and camphor tree.
Their fire characteristics were evaluated using a cone calorimeter according to ISO 5660-1. After combustion, the fireperformance index-II (FPI-II) of the specimens, as calculated by Chung's equations, varied between 1.56 and 8.12 s2/kW, andthe fire growth index-II (FGI-II) varied between 0.03 and 0.23 kW/s2. The fire performance index-III (FPI-III) based onpolymethylmetacrylate varied between 5.27 and 27.36, and the fire growth index-III (FGI-III) varied between 0.20 and 1.58.
The fire risk index-IV (FRI-IV), which is the fire risk grade, showed that Russian ash and camphor tree have a high firerisk, with FRI-IV values of 0.27 and 0.30, respectively. Therefore, wood species that contain volatile compounds or havea low bulk density have a high FRI-IV value owing to decreased FPI-II and FPI-III and increased FGI-II and FGI-III.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구에서는 건자재용 목재의 화재위험성 평가를 하기 위하여 Chung’s equations-II, Chung’s equations-III 그리고Chung’s equation-IV에 의하여 화재위험성 지수를 산정하였다. 시험편은 낙엽송, 러시아 물푸레나무, 샤벨, 녹나무를사용하였다. 콘칼로리미터(ISO 5660-1)를 사용하여 시험편에 대한 화재 특성을 시험하였다. 시험편의 연소 종료 후Chung’s equations에 의해 산정된 화재성능지수-II (FPI-II)는 1.56∼8.12 s2/kW로 나타났고, 화재성장지수-II (FGI-II)는0.03∼0.23 kW/s2로 나타났다. polymethylmetacrylate (PMMA)를 기준으로 한 화재성능지수-III (FPI-III)는 5.27∼27.36으로 나타났고, 화재성장지수-III (FGI-III)는 0.20∼1.58으로 나타났다. 화재위험성 등급인 화재위험성지수-IV(FRI-IV)는 러시아 물푸레나무와 녹나무가 각각 0.27과 0.30으로 비교적 화재위험성이 높은 목재로 나타났다. 그러므로 체적밀도가 낮거나 휘발성 화합물을 함유하고 있는 목재는 FPI-II와 FPI-III가 낮아지고, FGI-II와 FGI-III가 높아짐에 의하여 FRI-IV가 높은 값을 나타내었다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 정영진 ; 진의, "화재 시 연소성 물질에 대한 화재 위험성 등급 평가" 한국공업화학회 32 (32): 75-82, 2021

2 정영진 ; 진의, "붕소 화합물로 처리된 편백목재의 연소시험에 의한 연기발생" 한국공업화학회 29 (29): 670-676, 2018

3 Jure Pohleven, "VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS EMITTED FROM UNTREATED AND THERMALLY MODIFIED WOOD - A REVIEW" Society of Wood Science and Technology 51 (51): 231-254, 2019

4 Marcelo M. Hirschler, "Use of heat release rate to predict whether individual furnishings would cause self propagating fires" Elsevier BV 32 (32): 273-296, 1999

5 F. M. Pearce, "Thermal Analysis in Polymer Flammability, Chap. 8, Thermal Characterization of Polymeric Materials" Academic Press 1981

6 N. Hirota, "The Later Studies on the Camphor Tree, on the Leaf Oil of Each Practical Form and Its Utilisation" 58 : 364-367, 1967

7 Chuanmei Jiao, "Synergistic Effects of Fe2O3 with Layered Double Hydroxides in EVA/LDH Composites" SAGE Publications 27 (27): 465-479, 2009

8 M.A. Delichatsios, "Smoke yields from turbulent buoyant jet flames" Elsevier BV 20 (20): 299-311, 1993

9 J. Buzek, "Regulation (EU) No 305/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2011, Laying Down Harmonised Conditions for the Marketing of Construction Products and Repealing Council Directive 89/106/EEC Text with EEA Relevance" 5-43, 2011

10 J. G. Quintire, "Principles of Fire Behavior, Chap. 5" Delmar Cengage Learning 1998

11 M.J Spearpoint, "Predicting the piloted ignition of wood in the cone calorimeter using an integral model — effect of species, grain orientation and heat flux" Elsevier BV 36 (36): 391-415, 2001

12 J. D. Dehaan, "Kirk’s Fire Investigation" Pearson 84-112, 2002

13 V. Babraskas, "Ignition of Wood: A Review of the State of the Art" Interscience Communications Ltd. 71-88, 2001

14 "ISO 5660-1, Reaction-to-Fire Tests-Heat Release, Smoke Production and Mass Loss Rate-Part 1: Heat Release Rate (Cone Calorimeter Method) and Smoke Production Rate (Dynamic Measurement)"

15 Benjamin Tawiah, "Highly efficient flame retardant and smoke suppression mechanism of boron modified graphene Oxide/Poly(Lactic acid) nanocomposites" Elsevier BV 150 : 8-20, 2019

16 Vytenis Babrauskas, "Heat release rate: The single most important variable in fire hazard" Elsevier BV 18 (18): 255-272, 1992

17 V. Babrauskas, "Heat Release in Fires" Elsevier 210-217, 1992

18 H. C. Tran, "Heat Release in Fires" Elsevier Applied Science 357-372, 1992

19 Marcelo M. Hirschler, "Heat Release Testing of Consumer Products" ASTM International 6 (6): 102258-, 2009

20 M. Janssens, "Fundamental Thermophysical Characteristics of Wood and Their Role in Enclosure Fire Growth" University of Gent 1991

21 Michael Delichatsios, "Flammability properties for charring materials" Elsevier BV 38 (38): 219-228, 2003

22 CBUF, "Fire Safety of Upholstered Furniture - The Final Report on the CBUF Research Programme" Interscience Communications 1995

23 Long Yan, "Effects of polyethylene glycol borate on the flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties of transparent fire-retardant coatings applied on wood substrates" Elsevier BV 135 : 123-134, 2019

24 Vytenis Babrauskas, "Effective measurement techniques for heat, smoke, and toxic fire gases" Elsevier BV 17 (17): 13-26, 1991

25 W. T. Simpso, "Drying and Control of Moisture Content and Dimensional Changes, Chap. 12, Wood Handbook-Wood as an Engineering Material" Forest Product Laboratory U.S.D.A., Forest Service Madison 1-21, 1987

26 Vytenis Babrauskas, "Development of the cone calorimeter?A bench-scale heat release rate apparatus based on oxygen consumption" Wiley 8 (8): 81-95, 1984

27 B. Schartel, "Development of fire-retarded materials—Interpretation of cone calorimeter data" Wiley 31 (31): 327-354, 2007

28 정영진, "Comparison of combustion properties of native wood species used for fire pots in Korea" 한국공업화학회 16 (16): 15-19, 2010

29 Qingfeng Xu, "Combustion and charring properties of five common constructional wood species from cone calorimeter tests" Elsevier BV 96 : 416-427, 2015

30 Marcelo M. Hirschler, "Analysis of and Potential Correlations Between Fire Tests for Electrical Cables, and How to Use This Information for Fire Hazard Assessment" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 33 (33): 291-315, 1997