‘발전형 가산제’로의 이행에 대한 연구: 르완다 사례 분석 = A Study onthe Transition to ‘Developmental Patrimonialism’

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study examined the characteristics and implementation process of ‘Developmental Patrimonialism,’ a system in which authoritarianism and economic development coexist, and analyzed the significance and limitations of these new national forms. Rwanda succeeded in stabilizing its one-party system and consolidating its society after the civil war. The new Rwandan government’s state management and development programs have both contributed to economic development and the stabilization of the regime. In Rwanda, the hierarchical power structure from the center does not differ much from the features that have emerged in existing Neopatrimonialism. However, Rwanda had political elites who shared the perception that the rent-seeking was fully absorbed into the center and that long-term development plans could contribute to maintaining the regime. These factors were the fundamental cause of Rwanda’s transition to Developmental Patrimonialism. However, Developmental Patrimonialism has inherent instability due to social inequalities, poverty, and the repressive social order. This is based on the fact that existing authoritarian traits remain strong politically. It should be reminded again that this strategy has brought many poverty and side effects together in the past.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 권위주의와 경제발전이 공존하는 체제인 ‘발전형 가산제(Developmental Patrimoni- alism)’의 특성 및 이행과정을 살펴보고, 이러한 새로운 국가 형태가 갖는 의의 및 한계를 분석하였 다. 대표적인 발전형 가산제 국가인 르완다는 내전 이후 빠르게 일당체제의 안정화와 사회통합에 성 공하였다. 르완다 신정부의 수직적인 국가 운영과 개발 프로그램 등은 경제발전과 정권의 안정화에 모두 기여하였다. 르완다에서 중앙으로부터의 위계적인 권력 구조는 기존 신가산제 국가들에서 나 타났던 특징과 큰 차이를 보이지 않는다. 하지만 르완다는 국가가 주도하는 지대추구가 중앙으로 온전히 흡수되었고, 장기적인 발전계획이 체제 유지에 기여할 수 있다는 인식을 공유하는 정치엘리 트들이 존재하였다. 이러한 조건들은 르완다가 발전형 가산제로 나아갈 수 있었던 근본적 원인이 되었다. 하지만 발전형 가산제는 그 이면에 감추어진 사회적 불평등 및 빈곤의 잔존, 억압적인 사회질서 등으로 인하여 불안정성을 내재하고 있다. 이는 정치적으로 기존의 권위주의적 특성이 여전히 강하 게 유지되고 있는 것에 근거한다. 이러한 발전 전략은 과거에도 많은 빈곤과 부작용을 함께 가져왔 다는 점을 다시금 상기해야 한다.

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