Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), one of immune checkpoint proteins expressed on antigen presenting cells, inhibits autoimmunity by binding to the receptor PD-1 on T cells. PD-L1 itself, over-expressed in tumors, promotes tumor progression, such as p...
Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), one of immune checkpoint proteins expressed on antigen presenting cells, inhibits autoimmunity by binding to the receptor PD-1 on T cells. PD-L1 itself, over-expressed in tumors, promotes tumor progression, such as proliferation, migration, and invasion, independent of the immune system, and defines it as a tumor cell-intrinsic PD-L1. However, the biologic role of the tumor cell-intrinsic PD-L1 in head and neck cancer (HNC) remains unclear. Hence, in this study, we aimed to investigate function of tumor cell-intrinsic PD-L1 in HNC. The association between PD-L1 expression and tumorigenesis in HNC was analyzed in The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus database. Stable ectopic PD-L1 expression or knockdown in HNC cell lines was established using virus infection and its effectiveness was then confirmed using western blotting and flow cytometry. The in vitro and in vivo biological functions of tumor-intrinsic PD-L1 on cell proliferation of HNC were evaluated by MTS assay, clonogenic assay, and tumor xenograft model. In addition, the effects of PD-L1 on cell migration and invasion were investigated by wound-healing assay and trans-well migration/invasion assay. The involvement of PD-L1 in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-mediated metastasis in HNC were investigated using immunocytochemistry, western blotting, real-time PCR, and nucleus/ cytoplasmic fraction.
In silico analysis, PD-L1 was highly up-regulated/amplified HNC tissues and cell lines. PD-L1 depletion in HNC cell lines (HN22 and YD-15) markedly decreased cell proliferation and clonogenicity, but ectopic expression of PD-L1 in HNC cell lines (Ca9.22 and HSC-3) gave the opposite results. We also found that tumor-intrinsic PD-L1 promoted cell migration and invasion ability through invadopodia formation, and that this phenomenon is associated with EMT-mediated by Snail/vimentin signaling axis. In addition, Methanol extracts of I. okamurae significantly reduced the protein level of PD-L1, inhibited its migration and invasion ability in HNC cell lines via Snail/vimentin.
These data provide new insights into the functional role of tumor cell-intrinsic PD-L1 in HNC and suggest that targeting PD-L1 protein such as I. okamurae is a potential anticancer strategy to block metastasis of HNC.