Currently, countermeasures against low fertility is under active discussion in Korean society out of the concern about the decrease of population and the aging society that low fertility would bring about in the future.
In this research, the reasons ...
Currently, countermeasures against low fertility is under active discussion in Korean society out of the concern about the decrease of population and the aging society that low fertility would bring about in the future.
In this research, the reasons for low fertility were categorized into two factors: the economic factor, such as the increase of the burden of child rearing expenses, the increased of females’ participation in economic activities, and the increase of phenomenon of avoiding having children because of the instability of employment; the demographic factor, such as the change in the outlook on marriage and children, the reality where it’s difficult to carry out work and family side by side, and the increase in the age of first marriage and childbirth.
The social phenomenon of low fertility resulting from the factors above causes the rise of the expenditure for welfare including pensions, old-age pensions and medical cost while slowing down the supply of labor and the growth speed of economy and reaching the limit in the increase of the source of revenue, for example, tax and social security superannuation, in terms of economics.
Furthermore, in terms of social demography, the decrease in birth rate naturally leads to the enhancement of the average age of the population, which results in the changes in the demographic structure. It means the entry into an aging society, and Korea is predicted to become a super-aged society in 2026.
In the case of Sweden and France which have experienced low fertility already, they carried out active pronatalist policies, and their total birth rate was higher than 1.71 persons, the average birth rate of OECD nations in 2008. Sweden has established the social environment where both work and family can coexist by making an investment in the environment to give birth to and rear children. Through this, the rate of females’ participation in economic activities was recorded high, and simultaneously, childbirth was promoted as well.
France that had to go through low fertility for the first time in Europe has made different benefit systems, such as children benefit, family benefit, and children education benefit, in order to lighten parents’ burden of rearing cost. In addition, it has supported the coexistence of females’ participation in work and family by reinforcing the foundation for public childcare and setting up a family-friendly policy through a flexible work system.
When the policies to promote childbirth enforced in Korea are examined in terms of economic and social demographic policies, first, as for the economic support policies, childcare cost, consultation fee for childbirth and pregnancy, infertility operation cost, childbirth leave payment through the leave before or after childbirth, a maternity leave payment, and the equipment and operation expenses for the enterprises which plan to set up a child care facility are being supported.
Moreover, ‘Dream Start Project’ which is a social demographic policy to offer a customer-specific service to rear children of the vulnerable group soundly; a family nursing leave system to reduce any discomfort for females to join economic activities; and the protection system for pregnant women, such as a maternity leave, are being enacted.
Even though these kinds of various policies are being carried out, there is no visible outcome as the increase in birth rate, so some questions about the effectiveness of the policy is raised.
Therefore, in this research, the following supportive policies were proposed in order to form a positive relationship between the rate of females’ participation in economic activities and that of childbirth and to foster childbirth as in the leading countries.
First, the formation of a family-friendly social culture is urgently required. In the case of the childbirth leave and the maternity leave system, even though they are specified legally in the Labor Standard Act, the rate of the actual application to real work field has been low. The reason for why females expecting childbirth is not taking advantage of the policy while they can surely use it legally was proved to be their discomfort about their coworkers filling their work, and their anxiety about performance assessment.
Second, various benefit systems should be introduced as in France to lighten the burden of child rearing of a family. Considering the result of the survey that one of the significant reasons why females stop giving birth to a child is the burden of the cost for child rearing and education, the benefit systems such as the general children benefit system in France will reduce it considerably.
Third, a general child care service needs to be offered as in Sweden. Because the main reasons for the decrease of females’ economic activities are the burden of child rearing expenses and lack of child care facilities, national or public child care facilities have to be increased as in Sweden and their effectiveness should be enhanced by supporting child rearing expenses for low-income groups, making the establishment of child care facilities at work compulsory, and regulating their execution.
Fourth, the economic burden caused from females’ maternity leave for childbirth has to be relaxed by raising the maternity leave payment, which is now being paid at a fixed amount of 500,000 won per month.
The problems resulted from low fertility examined above don’t have an instant influence on our daily lives, but they can be a crucial problem shaking the foundation of the society in the future, so much effort should be made to obtain the desired effective results based on the policies suggested above.