Nutritional value of bee-collected pollens of hardy kiwi, Actinidia arguta (Actinidiaceae) and oak, Quercus sp. (Fagaceae)

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Bee-collected pollens have gained attention as natural dietary supplement for human nutrition over the honeybee feed, and become important commercial hive products for beekeepers. Oak trees, Quercus sp. (Family: Fagaceae) and hardy kiwi, Actinidia arguta (Family: Actinidiaceae) are important pollen sources for honey bees. During collection and storage through the addition of nectar and salivary secretions the chemical composition of pollen is changed. We analyzed nutrient contents of bee collected oak and hardy kiwi pollens and compared with recommended requirement of essential amino acids for honey bee brood development. The results revealed that protein content was found 23.2% for oak and 26.5% for hardy kiwi pollen. All the determined essential amino acid contents of both oak and kiwi pollen satisfied theminimumindividual amino acid requirement of honey bee. Threoninewas present inmarginal level in hardy kiwi pollen. Fat content of oak and hardy kiwi pollen were found 7 and 4.5% respectively. The higher value of polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid - stearic acid, lower AI and TI value, presence of essential fatty acid n-3 linolenic acid indicated these pollens as superior sources of fat. The most abundant mineral was found potassium in both the pollens followed by phosphorus. In contrast sodium content was found very less. In vitro digestibility of oak and kiwi pollen were found 69.5 and 37.8% suggesting the difficulty of nutrient uptake directly from pollen grains.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 홍인표, "동결건조를 이용한 다래화분의 영양성분 추출 효과" 한국양봉학회 30 (30): 87-94, 2015

2 Roulston, T. H., "What governs protein content of pollen:pollinator preference, pollen pistil interactions or phylogeny?" 70 : 617-643, 2000

3 Krell, R., "Value Added Products FromBeekeeping"

4 "USDA database"

5 Wragg, P. D., "Transition to wind pollination to insect pollination in sedges: experimental evidence and functional traits" 191 : 1128-1140, 2011

6 Fuller, M. F., "The optimum dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs: 2. Requirements for maintenance and for tissue protein accretion" 62 : 255-267, 1989

7 Peng, Y. -S., "The digestion of dandelion pollen by worker honey bees" 10 : 75-82, 1985

8 Schmidt, J. O., "The Hive and Honey Bee" Hamilton 927-988, 1992

9 Winston, M., "The Biology of the Honey Bee" Harvard University Press 1987

10 Bobe, G., "Texture of butters made from milk differing in indices of atherogenicity" 2004

11 Buchmann, S. L., "Solanaceae: Biology and Systematics" Columbia Univ. Press 237-252, 1986

12 Said, A. K., "Response of adult rats to low dietary levels of essential amino acids" 100 : 1363-1375, 1970

13 정철의, "Relationship Between Honeybee Population and Honey Production in Korea: A Historical Trend Analysis" 한국양봉학회 30 (30): 7-12, 2015

14 Singh, S., "Quantitative comparison of lipids in some pollens and their phagostimulatory effects in honeybees" 38 : 87-92, 1999

15 Mori, T. A., "Purified eicosapentaenoic acids have differential effects on serum lipids and lipoproteins, LDL particle size, glucose, and insulin inmildly hyperlipidemic men" 71 : 1085-1094, 2000

16 Szczesna, T., "Protein content and amino acids composition of bee-collected pollen originating from Polland, South Korea and China" 50 : 91-99, 2006

17 Szczesna, T., "Protein content and amino acid composition of bee-collected pollen from selected botanical origins" 50 : 81-90, 2006

18 DeGroot, A. P., "Protein and amino acid requirements of the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.)" 3 : 1-83, 1953

19 FAO, "Protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition" WHO 2007

20 Raggi, P., "Progression of coronary artery calcium and risk of first myocardial infarction in patients receiving cholesterol-lowering therapy" 24 : 1272-1277, 2004

21 Roulston, T. H., "Practical Pollination Biology" Enviroquest 234-260, 2005

22 Lauritzen, I., "Polyunsaturated fatty acids are potent neuroprotectors" 19 : 1784-1793, 2000

23 Roulston, T. H., "Pollen nutritional content and digestibility for animals" 222 : 187-209, 2000

24 Linskens, H. F., "Pollen as food andmedicines—a review" 51 : 77-78, 1997

25 Heslop-Harrison, J., "Pollen and Spores: Patterns of Diversification" Clarendon Press 331-343, 1991

26 Tautz, J., "Phặnomen Honigbiene. Spektum Sachbuch" Elsevier Verlag 2007

27 AOAC, "Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed"

28 Ozimek, L., "Nutritive value of protein extracted from honey bees" 50 : 1327-1329, 1985

29 Somerville, D. C., "Nutritional value of bee collected pollens, report DAN 134A" the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation 2001

30 ghosh sampat, "Nutritional value and chemical composition of larvae, pupae, and adults of worker honey bee, Apis mellifera ligustica as a sustainable food source" 한국응용곤충학회 19 (19): 487-495, 2016

31 Human, H., "Nutritional content of fresh, bee-collected and stored pollen of Aloe greatheadii var. davyana (Asphodelaceae)" 67 : 1486-1492, 2006

32 Sampat Ghosh, "Nutritional Evaluation of Four Commercially Available Pollen Patties in Korea" 한국양봉학회 30 (30): 155-160, 2015

33 Finke, M. D., "Nutrient composition of bee brood and its potential as human food" 44 : 257-270, 2005

34 ICONTEC, "NTC 719: Animal Food: Determination of Pepsin Digestibility of Protein of Animal Origin"

35 Chang, N. K., "Morphological Studies on the Pollen of Flowering Plants in Korea" Seoul Nat. Uni. Press 62-, 1979

36 Qi Dai, "Modifying effect of calcium/magnesium intake ratio and mortality: a population-based cohort study" BMJ 3 (3): e002111-, 2013

37 Somerville, D. C., "Mineral content of honey bee collected pollen from southern New South Wales" 42 : 1131-1136, 2002

38 Southworth, D., "Microspores:Evolution and Ontogeny" Academic Press 1990

39 Franchi, G. G., "Microspectrotrophotometric evaluation of digestibility of pollen grains" 50 : 115-126, 1997

40 Farag, R. S., "Long chain fatty acids of six pollens collected by honeybees in Egypt" 17 : 100-104, 1978

41 "Korean Food Standard Codex"

42 Mazar, A., "It is the land of honey: beekeeping at Tel Rehov" 70 : 202-219, 2007

43 Li, F., "Isolation, purification and immunobiological activity of a new water-soluble bee pollen polysaccharide from Crataegus pinnatifida Bge" 78 : 80-88, 2009

44 Marghitas, L. A., "In vitro antioxidant capacity of honeybee-collected pollen of selected floral origin harvested from Romania" 115 : 878-883, 2009

45 da Silva, G. R., "Identification of sugar, amino acids and minerals from the pollen of Jandaira stingless bees (Melipona subnitida)" 5 : 1015-1021, 2014

46 Hill, M. M., "Food Guides-Their Development and Use"

47 Kris-Etherton, P. M., "Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular diseases" 106 : 2747-2757, 2002

48 Manning, R., "Fatty acids in pollen: a review of their importance for honeybees" 82 : 60-75, 2001

49 Hwang, D., "Fatty acids and immune responses a new perspective in the searching for clues to mechanism" 20 : 431-456, 2002

50 홍인표, "Evaluation of Total Polyphenol, Flavonoid and Vitamin Content from the Crushed Pollens of Acorn and Actinidia" 한국양봉학회 30 (30): 225-229, 2015

51 홍인표, "Evaluation of Nutritional Potential of Amorpha fruticosa Pollen Collected by Honey bees" 한국양봉학회 31 (31): 73-77, 2016

52 Mensink, R. P., "Effect of monounsaturated fatty acids versus complex carbohydrate on high density lipoproteins in healthymen andwomen" 1 : 122-125, 1987

53 Lepage, G., "Direct transesterification of classes of lipids in a one-step reaction" 27 : 114-120, 1986

54 Kim, D. S., "Digestibility and nutrition value of cracked pollen" 13 : 111-120, 1998

55 FAO, "Diet Nutrition and Prevention of Chronic Diseases" 4-101, 2003

56 Ulbricht, T. L. V., "Coronary heart disease: seven dietary factors" 338 : 985-992, 1991

57 Szczesna, T., "Concentration of selected elements in honeybee collected pollen" 51 : 5-13, 2007

58 Bell, R. P., "Composition and protein quality of honey bee-collected pollen of Eucalyptus marginata and Eucalyptus calophylla" 113 : 2479-2484, 1983

59 Lee, B. -Y., "Components analysis of Korean pollens and pollen extracts" 29 : 869-875, 1997

60 Grundy, S. M., "Comparison of monounsaturated fatty acid and carbohydrates for lowering plasma cholesterol" 314 : 745-748, 1986

61 Van der Vorst, E., "Comparative lipid composition of colony and laboratory stored pollen" 21 : 174-177, 1982

62 Evans, D. E., "Comparative analysis of fatty acids in pollen and seed of rapeseed" 26 : 1895-1897, 1987

63 Carla Nogueira, "Commercial Bee Pollen with Different Geographical Origins: A Comprehensive Approach" MDPI AG 13 (13): 11173-11187, 2012

64 Herbert, E. W., "Chemical composition and nutritive value of bee-collected and bee-stored pollen" 9 : 33-40, 1978

65 Carpes, S. T., "Chemical composition and free radical scavenging activity of Apismellifera bee pollen from Southern Brazil" 12 : 220-229, 2009

66 Almeida-Muradian, L. B., "Chemical composition and botanical evaluation of dried bee pollen pellets" 18 : 105-111, 2005

67 Yang, K., "Characterization of chemical composition of bee pollen in China" 61 : 708-718, 2013

68 Yang, X., "Characterization and antitumor activity of pollen polysaccharide" 7 : 427-434, 2007

69 Baldi-Coronel, B., "Caracterización bromatológica del pólen apícola argentino" 29 : 2004

70 M. J. Bolland, "Calcium supplements with or without vitamin D and risk of cardiovascular events: reanalysis of the Women's Health Initiative limited access dataset and meta-analysis" BMJ 342 (342): d2040-d2040, 2011

71 Murakami, M., "Beneficial effect of honeybee-collected pollen lump extract on benign prostatic hyperplasis (BPH) a double blind, placebo controlled clinical trial" 14 : 306-310, 2008

72 Komosinska-Vassev, K., "Bee pollen:chemical composition and therapeutic application. Evid. Based Complement" 2015

73 Saa-Otero, M. P., "Analysis of fatty acids, proteins and ethereal extract in honeybee pollen—considerations of their floral origin" 39 : 175-181, 2000

74 Rayner, C. J., "Amino acids in bee-collected pollens fromAustralian indigenous and exotic plants" 25 : 722-726, 1985

75 Morgano, M. A., "A comprehensive investigation of the mineral composition of Brazilian bee pollen: geographic and seasonal variations and contribution to human diet" 24 : 727-736, 2012