Molecular Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. among Companion Birds Kept in Pet Shops in Japan

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Cryptosporidium is the most common protozoan that can infect a wide range of animals, including mammals and birds. Avian Cryptosporidium spp. can cause enteric and respiratory diseases which can be fatal in birds and some species are zoonotic. Companion birds have the potential as reservoir due to their close contact with humans. Pet shops are the major source of companion birds. However, few reports are available regarding Cryptosporidium spp. infection among companion birds kept in pet shops. The present study reports the prevalence and molecular characteristics of Cryptosporidium spp. among companion birds kept in pet shops in Japan. A total of 265 fresh fecal samples were obtained from birds kept in 4 pet shops; these birds belonged to 41 species in 3 bird orders. A nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay targeting the small subunit rRNA gene was employed for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. A total of 24 samples (9.1%) were positive, and Cryptosporidium spp. were detected from all pet shops. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in each of the bird orders was 6.5% (10/153) in Psittaciformes, 14.4% (13/90) in Passeriformes, and 4.5% (1/22) in Galliformes. Based on sequence analysis, 13 (54.2%) isolates were classified to C. galli, 8 (33.3%) were avian genotype III, and the remaining 3 (12.5%) were C. baileyi. No infection with zoonotic C. meleagridis and no coinfection with multiple Cryptosporidium spp. and/or genotypes were observed. The zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium spp. infecting companion birds kept in pet shops in Japan is likely to be low.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Ewald MPC, "The first study of molecular prevalence and species characterization of Cryptosporidium in free-range chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) from Brazil" 26 : 472-478, 2017

2 Zhang XX, "Prevalence and genotyping of Cryptosporidium infection in pet parrots in north China" 2015 : 549798-, 2015

3 Yao QX, "Prevalence and genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium infection in Java Sparrows (Lonchura oryzivora) in northern China" 2017 : 2318476-, 2017

4 Wang Y, "Population genetics of Cryptosporidium meleagridis in humans and birds: evidence for cross-species transmission" 44 : 515-521, 2014

5 Abe N, "Multilocus genotypic analysis of Cryptosporidium isolates from cockatiels, Japan" 106 : 1491-1497, 2010

6 Li Q, "Molecular investigation of Cryptosporidium in small caged pets in northeast China: host specificity and zoonotic implications" 115 : 2905-2911, 2016

7 Abe N, "Molecular identification of Cryptosporidium isolates from pet birds in Japan" 15 : 19-23, 2016

8 Moore CE, "Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium species and Giardia duodenalis from symptomatic Cambodian children" 10 : e0004822-, 2016

9 Gharagozlou MJ, "Intestinal cryptosporidiosis in turkeys in Iran" 53 : 282-285, 2006

10 Seva AP, "Genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp. from free-living wild birds from Brazil" 175 : 27-32, 2011

11 Xiao L, "Genetic diversity within Cryptosporidium parvum and related Cryptosporidium species" 65 : 3386-3391, 1999

12 Gomes RS, "Cryptosporidium spp. parasitize exotic birds that are commercialized in markets, commercial aviaries, and pet shops" 110 : 1363-1370, 2012

13 Qi M, "Cryptosporidium spp. in pet birds: Genetic diversity and potential public health significance" 128 : 336-340, 2011

14 Ferrari ED, "Cryptosporidium spp. in caged exotic psittacines from Brazil: Evaluation of diagnostic methods and molecular characterization" 184 : 109-114, 2018

15 Ryan U, "Cryptosporidium species in humans and animals: current understanding and research needs" 141 : 1667-1685, 2014

16 Kurniawan A, "Cryptosporidium species from human immunodeficiency-infected patients with chronic diarrhea in Jakarta, Indonesia" 23 : 720-723, 2013

17 Wesolowska M, "Cryptosporidium meleagridis infection: the first report in Poland of its occurrence in an HIV-positive woman" 62 : 239-241, 2016

18 Nakamura AA, "Cryptosporidium infections in birds--a review" 24 : 253-267, 2015

19 Ryan U, "Cryptosporidium in birds, fish and amphibians" 124 : 113-120, 2010

20 Makino I, "Cryptosporidium avian genotype III as a possible causative agent of chronic vomiting in peach-faced lovebirds (Agapornis roseicollis)" 54 : 1102-1107, 2010