The importance and the volume of fact-checking services have steadily increased since the U.S. presidential election in 2016, and Fact Checks have taken root in today’s world as a new type of production and consumption of online information. We are ...
The importance and the volume of fact-checking services have steadily increased since the U.S. presidential election in 2016, and Fact Checks have taken root in today’s world as a new type of production and consumption of online information. We are living in a post-truth world where pleadind to people’s personal beliefs and emotions play a bigger role in creating the public opinion. Objective facts are often neglected, and frequent lies blur the line between truth and falsity while overwhelming people’s ability to discern truth. Eventually, people question the existence of objective truth. Against this backdrop, fact-check fights against the Infodemic as a response to misinformation, and as an information service that helps people to use their own discretion in judging information.
Despite plenty of discussions over the effectiveness of Fact Checks as a countermeasure to misinformation and the automation of Fact Checks, there is still considerable ambiguity regarding who uses the fact-checking services, pursues correct information, and shares it. Fact Checks have become mainstream over the past four years. But few studies have looked into how fact-checking services users evalute those services. Studies related to Fact Checks today are heavily focused on the context of the U.S., which makes it even harder to observe users of fact-checking services in Korea.
Due to the increased user demand, fact-check now covers broader topics, especially after the spread of COVID-19. Nonetheless, most preceding research only focused on political fact-check. Wrong information can aggravate the public health care crisis; thus, it needs to be keenly observed as it is directly linked to an individual’s health. On top of that, considering that many factors known to have affected the usage of political fact-checking services may have not affected people using health-related Fact Checks, there is an urgent need to research health-related fact-check.
This study observed personal factors influencing users’ decisions in using and sharing COVID-19 related fact-checking services. The study took three steps: first, as a part of a theoretical approach, the researcher investigated preceding documents that studied users’ ‘Fact Checks’, ‘misinformation’, and ‘online-health information’. The researcher recognized personal factors that can affect information seeking and sharing when fact-checking health-related issues; second, as an empirical approach, the researcher had in-depth interviews with online information users residing in Korea who have used health-related fact-checked information. The analyzed interview data was utilized in complementing and improving the literature review while being reflected upon the hypothesis and creating a survey; third, the researcher carried out an online survey amongst information users who reside in Korea and reached a conclusion by statistically analyzing 304 sets of data using SPSS 25.0 program.
Except for neuroticism and conscientiousness, all personal factors (such as personality traits, Health Beliefs, Health Anxiety, New-Media Literacy) presumed to have affected COVID-19 fact-check seeking and sharing behavior turned out to have affected the behavior in a meaningful way. The study has proven that Health Belief variables (such as health consciousness, perceived severity, and perceived susceptibility), which were ignored in previous political fact-check user research, have proven to be influencing factors of fact-check usage. Also, this study demonstrated that critical presuming literacy, which has turned out to be the key predictor in sharing and disseminating misinformation in previous research has a strong causal relationship with fact-check seeking and fact-check sharing, which suggests that media literacy education in the era of post-truth is paramount and follow-up studies regarding misinformation and fact-checking information combined are necessary.
This study has expanded the notion of fact-check from a type of journalism to ‘information’ and ‘information services’ and suggested that ‘fact-check’ has the potential of growing as an expanded information service where experts in broader areas can participate. It is expected that this study can be of help in pursuing ‘fact’ and ‘truth’ in this post-truth world.