Supervisor style as a predictor of counseling supervision relationship quality and supervisee satisfaction: perceptions of U.S. and South Korean supervisees

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study tested a model of counseling supervisory process and outcome across two cultural contexts: one in the United States (U.S.) and one in South Korea. We hypothesized that (1) the supervisory alliance and supervisee nondisclosure would mediate the relationship between supervisor style and supervisee satisfaction and (2) the path coefficients of the model in the U.S. samples and South Korean samples would differ. Participants included 299 U.S. supervisees (mean age 30.25 years) and 334 South Korean supervisees (mean age 34.42 years), all of whom were engaged in counseling supervision. Self-reported measures were used to collect the data by using both online survey and paper–pencil survey. Results of structural equation modeling demonstrated that both the proposed model and path coefficients were statistically significant. In addition, we identified a stronger relationship between the supervisory working alliance and both supervisee nondisclosures and supervisee satisfaction in the U.S. sample in comparison to the South Korean sample. The attractive, interpersonally sensitive, and collaborative supervisory styles were differentially related to both supervisory alliance and supervisee satisfaction across U.S. and Korean samples. Implications for counseling supervision, training, and research are described.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 최한나, "좋은 수퍼비전 관계에 대한 수퍼바이지의 인식 차원" 한국상담심리학회 20 (20): 1-21, 2008

2 손승희, "수퍼비전에서 상담수련생의 비개방 내용, 이유 및 방식에 대한 연구" 한국상담심리학회 17 (17): 57-74, 2005

3 유성경, "수퍼비전 형식, 방법 및 내용에 대한 수퍼바이지 인식" 한국상담학회 10 (10): 1907-1927, 2009

4 주영아, "수퍼바이지가 지각한 작업동맹이 상담자활동 자기효능감과 수퍼비전 만족도에 미치는 영향 : 수퍼바이지 자기개방을 매개로" 한국청소년상담복지개발원 22 (22): 151-171, 2014

5 안하얀, "수퍼바이지가 지각한 상담 수퍼바이저의 윤리지침 이행" 한국상담심리학회 29 (29): 915-952, 2017

6 홍지영, "수퍼바이저 스타일이 수퍼비전 작업동맹과 수퍼비전 만족도에 미치는 영향" 한국상담학회 9 (9): 1489-1504, 2008

7 조윤진, "상담심리치료 수퍼비전에서 수퍼바이지의 부정적인 경험의 변화 과정" 한국상담심리학회 26 (26): 841-877, 2014

8 이진실, "매개변인이 포함된 구조방정식모형에서 공변인 통제를 위한 모형설정 방법 비교: 모의실험 연구" 한국청소년정책연구원 30 (30): 5-32, 2019

9 Katharine S. Shaffer, "What do “interpersonally sensitive” supervisors do and how do supervisees experience a relational approach to supervision?" Informa UK Limited 27 (27): 167-178, 2015

10 Kristin E. Mehr, "Trainee nondisclosure in supervision: What are they not telling you?" Wiley 10 (10): 103-113, 2010

11 Frederick T. L. Leong, "Toward a Global Vision of Counseling Psychology" SAGE Publications 28 (28): 5-9, 2016

12 Watkins, C. E., "The supervisory alliance as quintessential integrative variable" 44 : 151-161, 2014

13 Tsong, Y., "The roles of supervisee attachment styles and perception of supervisors’ general and multicultural competence in supervisory working alliance, supervisee omissions in supervision, and supervision outcome" University of Southern California 2004

14 Peterson, M. F., "The handbook of cross-cultural management research" SAGE 35-58, 2008

15 Miyoshi, M., "The elements of the clinical supervision: Exporting concepts to Japan" Southern Illinois University at Carbondale 2016

16 Matthew P. Martens, "The Use of Structural Equation Modeling in Counseling Psychology Research" SAGE Publications 33 (33): 269-298, 2016

17 Nicholas Ladany, "The Supervisory Working Alliance, Trainee Self-Efficacy, and Satisfaction" Wiley 77 (77): 447-455, 1999

18 Michael H. Rønnestad, "The Journey of the Counselor and Therapist: Research Findings and Perspectives on Professional Development" SAGE Publications 30 (30): 5-44, 2016

19 NICHOLAS LADANY, "The Content and Frequency of Supervisor Self-Disclosures and Their Relationship to Supervisor Style and the Supervisory Working Alliance" Wiley 38 (38): 143-160, 1999

20 Duan, C., "Telesupervision of supervision across national boundaries : U. S. and China" 75 : 302-312, 2019

21 Ladany, N., "Supervisory satisfaction questionnaire"

22 Nicholas Ladany, "Supervisory Style: Its Relation to the Supervisory Working Alliance and Supervisor Self-Disclosure" Wiley 40 (40): 263-275, 2001

23 Bambling, M., "Supervisor social skill and supervision outcome" 14 : 256-262, 2014

24 Beddoe, L., "Supervision in social work in Aotearoa New Zealand : Challenges in changing contexts" 35 : 156-174, 2016

25 Delini M. Fernando, "Supervision by Doctoral Students: A Study of Supervisee Satisfaction and Self-Efficacy, and Comparison with Faculty Supervision Outcomes" Informa UK Limited 32 (32): 1-14, 2013

26 Yoko Mori, "Supervising international students: Relationship between acculturation, supervisor multicultural competence, cultural discussions, and supervision satisfaction" American Psychological Association (APA) 3 (3): 10-18, 2009

27 Cary Cherniss, "Styles of clinical supervision in community mental health programs" American Psychological Association (APA) 45 (45): 1195-1196, 1977

28 Byrne, B. M., "Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming" Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 2010

29 American Psychological Association, Commission on Accreditation, "Standards of accreditation for health service psychology"

30 Lee, S. -E., "Research of novice therapists’experience in group supervision" 15 : 441-460, 2003

31 Elizabeth L. Holloway, "Relation of power and involvement to theoretical orientation in supervision: An analysis of discourse" American Psychological Association (APA) 36 (36): 88-102, 1989

32 Nicholas Ladany, "Psychotherapy Supervisor Ethical Practices" SAGE Publications 27 (27): 443-475, 1999

33 Siembor, M., "Psychometric properties of the Supervision Nondisclosure Scale" 2013

34 Kline, R. B., "Principles and practice of structural equation modeling" The Guilford Press 2015

35 Shirley A. Hess, "Predoctoral interns’ nondisclosure in supervision" Informa UK Limited 18 (18): 400-411, 2008

36 Carolyn C Preston, "Optimal number of response categories in rating scales: reliability, validity, discriminating power, and respondent preferences" Elsevier BV 104 (104): 1-15, 2000

37 Geneva Reynaga-Abiko, "Opportunity amidst challenge: Reflections of a Latina supervisor" American Psychological Association (APA) 4 (4): 19-25, 2010

38 David B. Yourman, "Nondisclosure and distortion in psychotherapy supervison" American Psychological Association (APA) 33 (33): 567-575, 1996

39 Lynda D. Field, "No hay rosas sin espinas: Conceptualizing Latina-Latina supervision from a multicultural developmental supervisory model" American Psychological Association (APA) 4 (4): 47-54, 2010

40 Lucilia Ramos-Sánchez, "Negative supervisory events: Effects on supervision and supervisory alliance" American Psychological Association (APA) 33 (33): 197-202, 2002

41 Lin, X., "Necessity and urgency of increasing graduate training in Chinese clinical and counseling psychology : Wuhan Declaration" 51 : 26-29, 2016

42 Nicholas Ladany, "Nature, extent, and importance of what psychotherapy trainees do not disclose to their supervisors" American Psychological Association (APA) 43 (43): 10-24, 1996

43 Falender, C. A., "Multiculturalism and diversity in clinical supervision: A competency-based approach" American Psychological Association 2014

44 Vickie M. Mays, "Moving toward a global psychology: Changing theories and practice to meet the needs of a changing world" American Psychological Association (APA) 51 (51): 485-487, 1996

45 Katherine M. Thomas, "Momentary assessment of interpersonal process in psychotherapy" American Psychological Association (APA) 61 (61): 1-14, 2014

46 Patrick E. Shrout, "Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations" American Psychological Association (APA) 7 (7): 422-445, 2002

47 James F. Efstation, "Measuring the working alliance in counselor supervision." American Psychological Association (APA) 37 (37): 322-329, 1990

48 Eileen Britt, "Measurement and Prediction of Clinical Psychology Students' Satisfaction with Clinical Supervision" Informa UK Limited 30 (30): 172-182, 2011

49 Armeniox, L. F., "Level of supervisee disclosure in the clinical supervision of counselors-in-training" The University of North Carolina at Greensboro 2000

50 Keeyeon Bang, "Korean Supervisors’ Experiences in Clinical Supervision" SAGE Publications 37 (37): 1042-1075, 2009

51 Michael Minkov, "Is National Culture a Meaningful Concept?" SAGE Publications 46 (46): 133-159, 2011

52 Yum, J. O., "Intercultural communication: A reader" Wadsworth Publishing 2011

53 Kee, T. S., "Influences of Confucianism on Korean corporate culture" 36 : 9-20, 2008

54 Kim, D., "High-versus low-context culture : A comparison of Chinese, Korean, and American cultures" 15 : 507-521, 1998

55 Sadler, P., "Handbook of interpersonal psychology: Theory, research, assessment, and therapeutic interventions" Wiley 123-142, 2011

56 Heppner, P. P., "Handbook of counseling psychology" Wiley 68-85, 2008

57 American Psychological Association, "Guidelines for clinical supervision in health service psychology." American Psychological Association (APA) 70 (70): 33-46, 2015

58 Bernard, J. M., "Fundamentals of clinical supervision" Merrill 2019

59 Kwang-Kuo Hwang, "Filial Piety and Loyalty: Two Types of Social Identification in Confucianism" Wiley 2 (2): 163-183, 1999

60 Eunju Yoon, "Expectations of and Attitudes toward Counseling: A Comparison of Asian International and U.S. Graduate Students" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 30 (30): 116-127, 2008

61 Siegfried Macho, "Estimating, testing, and comparing specific effects in structural equation models: The phantom model approach." American Psychological Association (APA) 16 (16): 34-43, 2011

62 Nicholas Ladany, "Effective and Ineffective Supervision" SAGE Publications 41 (41): 28-47, 2012

63 Kyle D. Killian, "Differences Making a Difference" Informa UK Limited 12 (12): 61-103, 2001

64 Myrna L. Friedlander, "Development and validation of the Supervisory Styles Inventory." American Psychological Association (APA) 31 (31): 541-557, 1984

65 Tony G. Rousmaniere, "Developing the construct and measure of collaborative clinical supervision: The supervisee’s perspective" American Psychological Association (APA) 7 (7): 300-308, 2013

66 Carol A. Falender, "Defining competencies in psychology supervision: A consensus statement" Wiley 60 (60): 771-785, 2004

67 Li‐tze Hu, "Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives" Informa UK Limited 6 (6): 1-55, 1999

68 Shim, S. S., "Cultural landscapes of pastoral counseling in Asia : The case of Korea with a supervisory perspective" 5 : 77-97, 2002

69 Carter, J. W., "Cultural differences in alliance formation during group supervision" 2000

70 Merkin, R. S., "Cross-cultural communication patterns-Korean and American Communication" 20 : 2009

71 Young A. Ju, "Counselling psychology in South Korea" Informa UK Limited 29 (29): 184-194, 2016

72 Tamai, K., "Confucianism as cultural constraint : A comparison of Confucian values of Japanese and Korean university students" 3 : 33-49, 2002

73 Falender, C. A., "Clinical supervision: A competency-based approach" American Psychological Association 2004

74 Eunjung Son, "Clinical Supervision in South Korea and the United States" SAGE Publications 41 (41): 48-65, 2012

75 Karen Mui-Teng Quek, "Chinese Values in Supervisory Discourse: Implications for Culturally Sensitive Practices" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 34 (34): 44-56, 2012

76 최상진, "Chemyeon--Social Face in Korean Culture" 한국학중앙연구원 44 (44): 30-51, 2004

77 Michael V. Ellis, "Bridging the Science and Practice of Clinical Supervision: Some Discoveries, Some Misconceptions" Informa UK Limited 29 (29): 95-116, 2010

78 Richard W. Brislin, "Back-Translation for Cross-Cultural Research" SAGE Publications 1 (1): 185-216, 2016

79 Russell, D. W., "Analyzing data from experimental studies : A latent variable structural equation modeling approach" 45 : 18-29, 1998

80 Arbuckle, J. L., "Amos, Version 18.0" Amos Development Corporation 2009

81 Nelson, J. R., "Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health practitioners propose alternative clinical supervision models" 44 : 33-45, 2015

82 Inman, A. G., "APA handbook of multicultural psychology: Applications and training (Vol. 2)" American Psychological Association 643-658, 2014

83 Eunjung Son, "A cross-cultural comparison of clinical supervision in South Korea and the United States" American Psychological Association (APA) 50 (50): 189-205, 2013

84 Edward S. Bordin, "A Working Alliance Based Model of Supervision" SAGE Publications 11 (11): 35-42, 1983

85 Changming Duan, "A Descriptive “Snapshot” of Cross-Racial Supervision in University Counseling Center Internships" Wiley 29 (29): 131-146, 2001

86 Emil Rodolfa, "A Cube Model for Competency Development: Implications for Psychology Educators and Regulators" American Psychological Association (APA) 36 (36): 347-354, 2005