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      Urban Shrinkage and Its Thermal Implications : Key Drivers, Mitigation Strategies, and Design Solutions for Enhanced Thermal Comfort = 도시 축소와 열적 영향: 주요 원인, 완화 전략 및 열쾌적성 향상을 위한 설계 방안

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      국문 초록 (Abstract) kakao i 다국어 번역

      도시 환경 도전과제에 대한 전략적 디자인 및 정책 개입을 통한 접근은 지속 가능한 발전과 인간의 복지를 위해 필수적입니다. 이러한 맥락에서, 본 논문의 세 개의 상호 연관된 장들은 도시 디자인과 도시 조건이 도시 환경에서 기후 조건과 보행자 경험에 어떤 영향을 미치는지에 대한 우리의 이해를 진전시킵니다. 제1장은 도시 성장과 축소를 정확하게 이해하고 정의하는 것을 목표로 합니다. 그것은 도시 성장 궤적을 군집화하고 패널 회귀를 활용하여 각 범주 뒤에 있는 동인을 밝히는 거시적 분석으로 전환됩니다. 이 기반 위에, 제2장은 도시 축소의 열적 영향에 초점을 맞추며, 축소 도시와 비축소 도시 간의 온도 차이를 설명하고 도시 인구 전환과 관련된 기후 뉘앙스를 밝힙니다. 제1장과 제2장에서 얻은 통찰력을 확장하여, 제3장은 밀집된 도시 건설 지역에서 열 스트레스 완화에 초점을 맞춥니다. 구체적으로, 제3장은 도시 디자인 개입이 열 스트레스 완화 및 보행성 향상에 어떻게 효과적인지를 조사합니다. 이는 표적 디자인 전략이 보행자 수준에서 열적 편안함을 크게 개선할 수 있다는 기초적 이해를 확립합니다.
      보다 구체적으로, 제1장은 도시 축소를 이해하고 특성화하는 것이 사회 변혁을 촉진하고 지속 가능한 발전 맥락에서 정책 결정에 정보를 제공하는 데 필수적입니다. 그러나 시간을 거치면서 인구와 경제적 요인을 모두 고려하면서 도시 축소를 정확하게 식별하는 것은 여전히 도전적입니다. 이 격차를 해소하기 위해, 우리는 먼저 2004년부터 2019년까지 연간 시간 척도에서 인구와 경제 지수 측면에서 축소 경로가 유사한 285개의 중국 도시를 군집화하기 위해 시계열 머신러닝을 사용했습니다; 그 다음, 우리는 이러한 변화에 영향을 미치는 잠재적 요인들의 효과를 추정하기 위해 패널 데이터 회귀를 사용했습니다. 우리는 네 개의 도시 그룹을 식별했으며, 서로 다른 동인들이 다양한 축소 패턴을 만들어낸다는 것을 발견했습니다. 자원 고갈과 제조업 침체는 인구와 경제가 모두 감소한 40개 도시의 축소를 주도하는 주요 동인입니다. 산업 구조의 변화의 영향은 경제는 감소했지만 인구가 증가한 60개 도시의 축소를 주로 설명합니다. 인구 이동은 경제는 성장했지만 인구가 감소한 35개 도시의 축소를 주로 추진합니다. 이러한 발견은 도시 축소 식별에 대한 더 나은 이해뿐만 아니라 보다 대상화되고 효과적인 지역 특화 개발 전략을 개발하는 데 통찰력을 제공합니다.
      제2장: 최근 몇 년 동안, 도시 지역은 강렬한 온난화를 점점 더 경험하고 있습니다. 도시화가 도시 환경에서의 온난화를 촉진하는 중요한 요인임에도 불구하고, 축소 도시에서의 인구 감소 추세가 이 온난화 효과를 완화하는지 여부는 여전히 불분명합니다. 여기에서, 우리는 중국에서 축소 도시와 관측된 온난화 간의 관계를 탐구했습니다. 2000년에서 2010년 사이에 356개의 중국 도시 중 95개가 축소된 것으로 식별되었습니다. 우리는 2419개의 관측소를 농촌, 축소, 비축소의 세 그룹으로 분류하고 각 그룹에 대해 1961년부터 2014년까지 지표면 공기 온도(SAT) 이상 시리즈를 생성했습니다. 축소 및 비축소 도시 관측소 간의 온도 차이를 조사했습니다. 세분화된 일반화 최소 제곱 회귀를 사용하여 평균(Tmean), 최대(Tmax), 최소 온도(Tmin), 일교차(DTR) 지표 및 계절별—봄, 여름, 가을, 겨울—의 시공간 온도 패턴을 탐구했습니다. 결과는 축소 도시에서 냉각 효과를 드러냈으며, 지역 Tmean, Tmax, Tmin 이상에서 각각 0.042°C (–0.078에서 –0.005°C), 0.083°C (–0.126에서 –0.039°C), 0.029°C (–0.062에서 –0.005°C)의 10년 감소를 보였습니다. 또한, 이 현상에서 뚜렷한 계절성이 확인되었습니다—냉각 효과는 봄의 Tmean과 가을의 Tmax에서 가장 두드러졌으며, 여름에는 덜 중요하고 겨울에는 무시할 수 있었습니다. 이러한 결과는 축소 도시의 인구 감소가 지역 온난화를 완화할 수 있음을 시사하며, 도시 계획 및 기후 완화 정책에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 함의를 제공합니다.
      제3장: 집중적인 도시화는 도시에서의 과열을 촉진하여 인간 건강에 부정적인 영향을 미칩니다. 많은 연구가 거리 수준 처리를 통한 보행자 편안함 개선을 조사했지만, 보행성에 대한 영향을 조사한 연구는 거의 없으며, 경로에서 인접 지역으로의 냉각 효과의 공간적 범위는 평가되지 않았습니다. 이 연구는 ENVI-met 시뮬레이션을 사용하여 서로 다른 완화 전략의 냉각 효과를 네 가지 열 지표—표면 온도(Tsurf), 공기 온도(Ta), 평균 복사 온도(MRT), 생리학적 등가 온도(PET)—에 대해 평가합니다. 우리는 에이전트 기반 모델(ABM)을 사용하여 인지된 이동 시간(PTT)을 통해 보행성을 분석합니다. 이 연구는 수원시에 있는 두 개의 고층 주거 단지를 중심으로 반사 포장, 단일 행 식수, 및 군집 식수 완화 전략을 비교합니다. 결과는 단일 행 식수가 다른 전략에 비해 전체 사이트에 걸쳐 더 큰 냉각 효과를 제공하는 것으로 나타났으며, 군집 식수는 국소 열 조건을 개선합니다. 냉각 효과는 경로에서 전체 블록으로 확장되며, 단일 행 식수는 가장 더운 시간 동안 경로에서 12.72m 떨어진 곳에서 Tsurf를 최대 5.5°C, Ta를 0.2°C, MRT를 16.2°C, PET를 5.8°C까지 감소시킵니다. ABM 결과는 단일 행 식수가 최고의 PTT 감소를 제공하며 최대 36.24%에 이를 수 있음을 시사합니다. 제안된 프레임워크와 결과는 도시 디자이너들이 보행자의 열적 편안함과 보행성을 최적화하기 위한 데이터 기반 접근 방식을 제공합니다.
      이 논문은 도시 계획 및 환경 관리에 실질적인 통찰력을 제공하며, 우리의 도시가 더 살기 좋고 지속 가능할 수 있는 방법에 대한 중요한 측면들을 다룹니다. 제1장은 도시 축소의 정확한 식별의 중요성을 강조하며, 서로 다른 동인들이 독특한 축소 패턴을 만들어낸다는 것을 강조합니다. 제2장은 축소 도시와 관련된 냉각 효과에 대해 새로운 관점을 제공하며, 도시 상태가 도시 온도를 형성하는 데 중요한 역할을 한다는 것을 강조합니다. 제3장의 발견은 신중한 도시 디자인이 밀집된 도시 건설 지역에서 열적 편안함을 크게 개선할 수 있음을 보여주며, 이러한 조치가 단지 미학적 개선이 아니라 도시 열 증가에 적응하는 데 필수적임을 시사합니다. 전반적으로, 이 논문은 인간의 편안함과 더 넓은 환경 영향을 모두 고려하는 도시 계획에서 통합된 접근 방식이 필요함을 강조하며, 미래 도전에 대처할 수 있도록 더 잘 갖춰진 도시를 만드는 것을 목표로 합니다. 복잡한 과학적 통찰력을 실행 가능한 지식으로 번역함으로써, 이 작업은 사람과 자연이 모두 번성할 수 있는 도시 환경을 만드는 데 기여하고자 합니다.
      번역하기

      도시 환경 도전과제에 대한 전략적 디자인 및 정책 개입을 통한 접근은 지속 가능한 발전과 인간의 복지를 위해 필수적입니다. 이러한 맥락에서, 본 논문의 세 개의 상호 연관된 장들은 도시...

      도시 환경 도전과제에 대한 전략적 디자인 및 정책 개입을 통한 접근은 지속 가능한 발전과 인간의 복지를 위해 필수적입니다. 이러한 맥락에서, 본 논문의 세 개의 상호 연관된 장들은 도시 디자인과 도시 조건이 도시 환경에서 기후 조건과 보행자 경험에 어떤 영향을 미치는지에 대한 우리의 이해를 진전시킵니다. 제1장은 도시 성장과 축소를 정확하게 이해하고 정의하는 것을 목표로 합니다. 그것은 도시 성장 궤적을 군집화하고 패널 회귀를 활용하여 각 범주 뒤에 있는 동인을 밝히는 거시적 분석으로 전환됩니다. 이 기반 위에, 제2장은 도시 축소의 열적 영향에 초점을 맞추며, 축소 도시와 비축소 도시 간의 온도 차이를 설명하고 도시 인구 전환과 관련된 기후 뉘앙스를 밝힙니다. 제1장과 제2장에서 얻은 통찰력을 확장하여, 제3장은 밀집된 도시 건설 지역에서 열 스트레스 완화에 초점을 맞춥니다. 구체적으로, 제3장은 도시 디자인 개입이 열 스트레스 완화 및 보행성 향상에 어떻게 효과적인지를 조사합니다. 이는 표적 디자인 전략이 보행자 수준에서 열적 편안함을 크게 개선할 수 있다는 기초적 이해를 확립합니다.
      보다 구체적으로, 제1장은 도시 축소를 이해하고 특성화하는 것이 사회 변혁을 촉진하고 지속 가능한 발전 맥락에서 정책 결정에 정보를 제공하는 데 필수적입니다. 그러나 시간을 거치면서 인구와 경제적 요인을 모두 고려하면서 도시 축소를 정확하게 식별하는 것은 여전히 도전적입니다. 이 격차를 해소하기 위해, 우리는 먼저 2004년부터 2019년까지 연간 시간 척도에서 인구와 경제 지수 측면에서 축소 경로가 유사한 285개의 중국 도시를 군집화하기 위해 시계열 머신러닝을 사용했습니다; 그 다음, 우리는 이러한 변화에 영향을 미치는 잠재적 요인들의 효과를 추정하기 위해 패널 데이터 회귀를 사용했습니다. 우리는 네 개의 도시 그룹을 식별했으며, 서로 다른 동인들이 다양한 축소 패턴을 만들어낸다는 것을 발견했습니다. 자원 고갈과 제조업 침체는 인구와 경제가 모두 감소한 40개 도시의 축소를 주도하는 주요 동인입니다. 산업 구조의 변화의 영향은 경제는 감소했지만 인구가 증가한 60개 도시의 축소를 주로 설명합니다. 인구 이동은 경제는 성장했지만 인구가 감소한 35개 도시의 축소를 주로 추진합니다. 이러한 발견은 도시 축소 식별에 대한 더 나은 이해뿐만 아니라 보다 대상화되고 효과적인 지역 특화 개발 전략을 개발하는 데 통찰력을 제공합니다.
      제2장: 최근 몇 년 동안, 도시 지역은 강렬한 온난화를 점점 더 경험하고 있습니다. 도시화가 도시 환경에서의 온난화를 촉진하는 중요한 요인임에도 불구하고, 축소 도시에서의 인구 감소 추세가 이 온난화 효과를 완화하는지 여부는 여전히 불분명합니다. 여기에서, 우리는 중국에서 축소 도시와 관측된 온난화 간의 관계를 탐구했습니다. 2000년에서 2010년 사이에 356개의 중국 도시 중 95개가 축소된 것으로 식별되었습니다. 우리는 2419개의 관측소를 농촌, 축소, 비축소의 세 그룹으로 분류하고 각 그룹에 대해 1961년부터 2014년까지 지표면 공기 온도(SAT) 이상 시리즈를 생성했습니다. 축소 및 비축소 도시 관측소 간의 온도 차이를 조사했습니다. 세분화된 일반화 최소 제곱 회귀를 사용하여 평균(Tmean), 최대(Tmax), 최소 온도(Tmin), 일교차(DTR) 지표 및 계절별—봄, 여름, 가을, 겨울—의 시공간 온도 패턴을 탐구했습니다. 결과는 축소 도시에서 냉각 효과를 드러냈으며, 지역 Tmean, Tmax, Tmin 이상에서 각각 0.042°C (–0.078에서 –0.005°C), 0.083°C (–0.126에서 –0.039°C), 0.029°C (–0.062에서 –0.005°C)의 10년 감소를 보였습니다. 또한, 이 현상에서 뚜렷한 계절성이 확인되었습니다—냉각 효과는 봄의 Tmean과 가을의 Tmax에서 가장 두드러졌으며, 여름에는 덜 중요하고 겨울에는 무시할 수 있었습니다. 이러한 결과는 축소 도시의 인구 감소가 지역 온난화를 완화할 수 있음을 시사하며, 도시 계획 및 기후 완화 정책에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 함의를 제공합니다.
      제3장: 집중적인 도시화는 도시에서의 과열을 촉진하여 인간 건강에 부정적인 영향을 미칩니다. 많은 연구가 거리 수준 처리를 통한 보행자 편안함 개선을 조사했지만, 보행성에 대한 영향을 조사한 연구는 거의 없으며, 경로에서 인접 지역으로의 냉각 효과의 공간적 범위는 평가되지 않았습니다. 이 연구는 ENVI-met 시뮬레이션을 사용하여 서로 다른 완화 전략의 냉각 효과를 네 가지 열 지표—표면 온도(Tsurf), 공기 온도(Ta), 평균 복사 온도(MRT), 생리학적 등가 온도(PET)—에 대해 평가합니다. 우리는 에이전트 기반 모델(ABM)을 사용하여 인지된 이동 시간(PTT)을 통해 보행성을 분석합니다. 이 연구는 수원시에 있는 두 개의 고층 주거 단지를 중심으로 반사 포장, 단일 행 식수, 및 군집 식수 완화 전략을 비교합니다. 결과는 단일 행 식수가 다른 전략에 비해 전체 사이트에 걸쳐 더 큰 냉각 효과를 제공하는 것으로 나타났으며, 군집 식수는 국소 열 조건을 개선합니다. 냉각 효과는 경로에서 전체 블록으로 확장되며, 단일 행 식수는 가장 더운 시간 동안 경로에서 12.72m 떨어진 곳에서 Tsurf를 최대 5.5°C, Ta를 0.2°C, MRT를 16.2°C, PET를 5.8°C까지 감소시킵니다. ABM 결과는 단일 행 식수가 최고의 PTT 감소를 제공하며 최대 36.24%에 이를 수 있음을 시사합니다. 제안된 프레임워크와 결과는 도시 디자이너들이 보행자의 열적 편안함과 보행성을 최적화하기 위한 데이터 기반 접근 방식을 제공합니다.
      이 논문은 도시 계획 및 환경 관리에 실질적인 통찰력을 제공하며, 우리의 도시가 더 살기 좋고 지속 가능할 수 있는 방법에 대한 중요한 측면들을 다룹니다. 제1장은 도시 축소의 정확한 식별의 중요성을 강조하며, 서로 다른 동인들이 독특한 축소 패턴을 만들어낸다는 것을 강조합니다. 제2장은 축소 도시와 관련된 냉각 효과에 대해 새로운 관점을 제공하며, 도시 상태가 도시 온도를 형성하는 데 중요한 역할을 한다는 것을 강조합니다. 제3장의 발견은 신중한 도시 디자인이 밀집된 도시 건설 지역에서 열적 편안함을 크게 개선할 수 있음을 보여주며, 이러한 조치가 단지 미학적 개선이 아니라 도시 열 증가에 적응하는 데 필수적임을 시사합니다. 전반적으로, 이 논문은 인간의 편안함과 더 넓은 환경 영향을 모두 고려하는 도시 계획에서 통합된 접근 방식이 필요함을 강조하며, 미래 도전에 대처할 수 있도록 더 잘 갖춰진 도시를 만드는 것을 목표로 합니다. 복잡한 과학적 통찰력을 실행 가능한 지식으로 번역함으로써, 이 작업은 사람과 자연이 모두 번성할 수 있는 도시 환경을 만드는 데 기여하고자 합니다.

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      다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract) kakao i 다국어 번역

      Addressing urban environmental challenges through strategic design and policy interventions are critical for sustainable development and human well-being. In this context, the three interrelated chapters of this thesis collectively advance our understanding of how urban design and urban conditions influence climatic conditions and pedestrian experiences in urban settings. Chapter 1 aims to accurately understand and define urban growth and shrinkage. It transitions to a macroscopic analysis by clustering urban growth trajectories and revealing the driving factors behind each category, utilizing panel regression. Building on this foundation, Chapter 2 focuses on the thermal impacts of urban shrinkage, delineating the temperature differences between shrinking and non- shrinking cities and elucidating the climatic nuances associated with urban demographic transitions. Extending the insights gained from Chapters 1 and 2, Chapter 3 shifts the focus to the mitigation of thermal stress in dense urban built-up areas. Specifically, Chapter 3 investigates the effectiveness of urban design interventions in mitigating heat stress and enhancing walkability. It establishes a foundational understanding of how targeted design strategies can significantly improve thermal comfort at the pedestrian level. In detail, the chapter 1: Understanding and characterizing urban shrinkage is essential for promoting social transformation and informing policy decisions, particularly in the context of sustainable development. However, accurately identifying urban shrinkage across time, while considering both population and economic factors, remains a challenge. To address this gap, we first used time-series machine learning to cluster 285 Chinese cities by similar trajectories of shrinking in terms of population and economic indexes at yearly time scales from 2004 to 2019; then, we used panel data regression to estimate the effects of potential factors influencing these changes. We identified four city groups and found that different drivers yield different patterns of shrinkage. The depletion of resources and manufacturing recession are the main drivers for the shrinkage of 40 cities that experienced both population and economic decline. The impact of industrial structure shifts mainly explains the shrinking of 60 cities that experienced economic decline but population growth. The population migration mainly drives the shrinkage of 35 cities that experienced economic growth but population decline. These findings not only contribute to a better understanding of urban shrinkage identification but also offer insights into developing more targeted and effective region-specific development strategies. The chapter 2: In recent years, urban areas are increasingly experiencing intense warming. Although urbanization is an important driver of warming in urban environments, it remains unclear whether depopulation trends in shrinking cities mitigate this warming effect. Here, we explored the relationship between shrinking cities and observed warming in China. Of the 356 Chinese cities, 95 were identified as shrinking between 2000–2010. We categorized 2419 observation stations into three groups—rural, shrinking, and non- shrinking—and generated a surface air temperature (SAT) anomaly series for each group from 1961 to 2014. Temperature differences between the shrinking and non-shrinking urban stations were investigated. Using segmented generalized least squares regression, the spatiotemporal temperature patterns across the mean (Tmean), maximum (Tmax), and minimum temperatures (Tmin), diurnal temperature range (DTR) indicators, and across seasons—spring, summer, autumn, and winter—were explored. Results revealed a cooling effect in shrinking cities, with decadal decreases of 0.042 °C (–0.078 to –0.005 °C), 0.083 °C (–0.126 to –0.039 °C), and 0.029 °C (– 0.062 to –0.005 °C) in regional Tmean, Tmax, and Tmin anomalies, respectively. Moreover, pronounced seasonality was identified in this phenomenon—the cooling effect was most notable for Tmean in spring and Tmax in autumn, less significant in summer, and negligible in winter. These results suggested that the population decline in shrinking cities could alleviate regional warming, having implications that could influence urban planning and climate mitigation policies. The chapter 3: Intensive urbanization exacerbates overheating in cities, leading to negative impacts on human health. Although numerous studies have investigated the improvement of pedestrian comfort through street-level treatments, few have examined the influence on pedestrian walkability, and the spatial extent of cooling effects from paths to adjacent areas remains unevaluated. This study assesses the cooling effects of different mitigation strategies on four thermal indicators—surface temperature (Tsurf), air temperature (Ta), mean radiant temperature (MRT), and physiological equivalent temperature (PET)—using ENVI-met simulations. We employ Agent- based Models (ABM) to analyze pedestrian walkability through perceived travel time (PTT). The study focuses on two high-rise residential complexes in Suwon City, South Korea, and compares reflective pavement, single-row tree planting, and clustered tree planting mitigation strategies. Results indicate that single-row planting offers more significant cooling effects across the entire site compared to other strategies, while clustered planting improves local heat conditions. Cooling effects extend from the path to the entire block, with single-row planting reducing Tsurf by up to 5.5°C, Ta by 0.2°C, MRT by 16.2°C, and PET by 5.8°C at 12.72 m away from paths during the hottest hours. ABM results suggest that single-row planting provides the best PTT reduction and can be up to 36.24%. The proposed framework and findings provide urban designers with a data- driven approach to optimize pedestrian thermal comfort and walkability. This dissertation provides valuable insights with practical implications for urban planning and environmental management, addressing crucial aspects of how our cities can be more livable and sustainable. The chapter 1 underscores the importance of accurate identification of urban shrinkage, as different drivers yield distinct patterns of shrinkage. The chapter 2 about the cooling effects associated with shrinking cities bring a new perspective to the discussion on urban climate, emphasizing urban condition in shaping urban temperatures. The findings in the Chapter 3 demonstrates that thoughtful urban design can significantly improve thermal comfort in dense urban built-up area, suggesting that such measures are not just aesthetic enhancements but essential for adapting to increasing urban heat. Altogether, this dissertation emphasizes the need for an integrated approach in urban planning that considers both human comfort and the broader environmental impacts, aiming to create cities that are better equipped to handle future challenges. By translating complex scientific insights into actionable knowledge, this work aims to support the creation of urban environments where both people and nature can thrive. Keywords: Urban Heat Mitigation, Pedestrian Comfort, Urban Shrinkage, Region-specific development strategies, Regional warming, Climate mitigation policies
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      Addressing urban environmental challenges through strategic design and policy interventions are critical for sustainable development and human well-being. In this context, the three interrelated chapters of this thesis collectively advance our underst...

      Addressing urban environmental challenges through strategic design and policy interventions are critical for sustainable development and human well-being. In this context, the three interrelated chapters of this thesis collectively advance our understanding of how urban design and urban conditions influence climatic conditions and pedestrian experiences in urban settings. Chapter 1 aims to accurately understand and define urban growth and shrinkage. It transitions to a macroscopic analysis by clustering urban growth trajectories and revealing the driving factors behind each category, utilizing panel regression. Building on this foundation, Chapter 2 focuses on the thermal impacts of urban shrinkage, delineating the temperature differences between shrinking and non- shrinking cities and elucidating the climatic nuances associated with urban demographic transitions. Extending the insights gained from Chapters 1 and 2, Chapter 3 shifts the focus to the mitigation of thermal stress in dense urban built-up areas. Specifically, Chapter 3 investigates the effectiveness of urban design interventions in mitigating heat stress and enhancing walkability. It establishes a foundational understanding of how targeted design strategies can significantly improve thermal comfort at the pedestrian level. In detail, the chapter 1: Understanding and characterizing urban shrinkage is essential for promoting social transformation and informing policy decisions, particularly in the context of sustainable development. However, accurately identifying urban shrinkage across time, while considering both population and economic factors, remains a challenge. To address this gap, we first used time-series machine learning to cluster 285 Chinese cities by similar trajectories of shrinking in terms of population and economic indexes at yearly time scales from 2004 to 2019; then, we used panel data regression to estimate the effects of potential factors influencing these changes. We identified four city groups and found that different drivers yield different patterns of shrinkage. The depletion of resources and manufacturing recession are the main drivers for the shrinkage of 40 cities that experienced both population and economic decline. The impact of industrial structure shifts mainly explains the shrinking of 60 cities that experienced economic decline but population growth. The population migration mainly drives the shrinkage of 35 cities that experienced economic growth but population decline. These findings not only contribute to a better understanding of urban shrinkage identification but also offer insights into developing more targeted and effective region-specific development strategies. The chapter 2: In recent years, urban areas are increasingly experiencing intense warming. Although urbanization is an important driver of warming in urban environments, it remains unclear whether depopulation trends in shrinking cities mitigate this warming effect. Here, we explored the relationship between shrinking cities and observed warming in China. Of the 356 Chinese cities, 95 were identified as shrinking between 2000–2010. We categorized 2419 observation stations into three groups—rural, shrinking, and non- shrinking—and generated a surface air temperature (SAT) anomaly series for each group from 1961 to 2014. Temperature differences between the shrinking and non-shrinking urban stations were investigated. Using segmented generalized least squares regression, the spatiotemporal temperature patterns across the mean (Tmean), maximum (Tmax), and minimum temperatures (Tmin), diurnal temperature range (DTR) indicators, and across seasons—spring, summer, autumn, and winter—were explored. Results revealed a cooling effect in shrinking cities, with decadal decreases of 0.042 °C (–0.078 to –0.005 °C), 0.083 °C (–0.126 to –0.039 °C), and 0.029 °C (– 0.062 to –0.005 °C) in regional Tmean, Tmax, and Tmin anomalies, respectively. Moreover, pronounced seasonality was identified in this phenomenon—the cooling effect was most notable for Tmean in spring and Tmax in autumn, less significant in summer, and negligible in winter. These results suggested that the population decline in shrinking cities could alleviate regional warming, having implications that could influence urban planning and climate mitigation policies. The chapter 3: Intensive urbanization exacerbates overheating in cities, leading to negative impacts on human health. Although numerous studies have investigated the improvement of pedestrian comfort through street-level treatments, few have examined the influence on pedestrian walkability, and the spatial extent of cooling effects from paths to adjacent areas remains unevaluated. This study assesses the cooling effects of different mitigation strategies on four thermal indicators—surface temperature (Tsurf), air temperature (Ta), mean radiant temperature (MRT), and physiological equivalent temperature (PET)—using ENVI-met simulations. We employ Agent- based Models (ABM) to analyze pedestrian walkability through perceived travel time (PTT). The study focuses on two high-rise residential complexes in Suwon City, South Korea, and compares reflective pavement, single-row tree planting, and clustered tree planting mitigation strategies. Results indicate that single-row planting offers more significant cooling effects across the entire site compared to other strategies, while clustered planting improves local heat conditions. Cooling effects extend from the path to the entire block, with single-row planting reducing Tsurf by up to 5.5°C, Ta by 0.2°C, MRT by 16.2°C, and PET by 5.8°C at 12.72 m away from paths during the hottest hours. ABM results suggest that single-row planting provides the best PTT reduction and can be up to 36.24%. The proposed framework and findings provide urban designers with a data- driven approach to optimize pedestrian thermal comfort and walkability. This dissertation provides valuable insights with practical implications for urban planning and environmental management, addressing crucial aspects of how our cities can be more livable and sustainable. The chapter 1 underscores the importance of accurate identification of urban shrinkage, as different drivers yield distinct patterns of shrinkage. The chapter 2 about the cooling effects associated with shrinking cities bring a new perspective to the discussion on urban climate, emphasizing urban condition in shaping urban temperatures. The findings in the Chapter 3 demonstrates that thoughtful urban design can significantly improve thermal comfort in dense urban built-up area, suggesting that such measures are not just aesthetic enhancements but essential for adapting to increasing urban heat. Altogether, this dissertation emphasizes the need for an integrated approach in urban planning that considers both human comfort and the broader environmental impacts, aiming to create cities that are better equipped to handle future challenges. By translating complex scientific insights into actionable knowledge, this work aims to support the creation of urban environments where both people and nature can thrive. Keywords: Urban Heat Mitigation, Pedestrian Comfort, Urban Shrinkage, Region-specific development strategies, Regional warming, Climate mitigation policies

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      목차 (Table of Contents)

      • I. INTRODUCTION 1
      • 1. RESEARCH BACKGROUND 1
      • 2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 3
      • 3. RESEARCH SCOPE 4
      • 4. RESEARCH STRUCTURE 6
      • I. INTRODUCTION 1
      • 1. RESEARCH BACKGROUND 1
      • 2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 3
      • 3. RESEARCH SCOPE 4
      • 4. RESEARCH STRUCTURE 6
      • II. CHAPTER 1: URBAN SHRINKAGE AND ITS DRIVERS: TIME-SERIES
      • CLUSTERING AND A PANEL MODEL OF CHINESE CITIES 9
      • 1. INTRODUCTION 9
      • 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 13
      • 3. ANALYTICAL DESIGN 17
      • 3.1 Study site 17
      • 3.2 Data collection and processing 18
      • 3.3 Methodology 20
      • 3.3.1 Time-series clustering 20
      • 3.3.2 Panel model 21
      • 4. RESULTS 22
      • 4.1 Shrinking trajectory identification 22
      • 4.2 Urban growth and decline trajectory clustering 25
      • 4.3 Results for panel regression 26
      • 5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 33
      • III. CHAPTER 2: CAN URBAN SHRINKAGE CONTRIBUTE TO
      • MITIGATING SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE WARMING? 40
      • 1. INTRODUCTION 40
      • 2. METHODOLOGY 43
      • 2.1 Data 43
      • 2.1.1 Temperature Dataset 43
      • 2.1.2 Population Dataset 45
      • 2.2 Identification of Shrinking Cities 45
      • 2.3 Temperature Data Processing 47
      • 2.3.1 Calculation of Temperature Anomalies 47
      • 2.3.2 Station Classification by City Types 48
      • 2.3.3 Calculation of Grid Anomalies 49
      • 2.3.4 Calculation of Regional Anomalies 50
      • 2.3.5 Anomaly Difference Calculation 51
      • 2.4 Segmented Generalized Least Squares Regression 52
      • 3. RESULTS 54
      • 3.1 Characteristics of SAT 54
      • 3.2 Trends in Shrinkage Effects 55
      • 3.3 Seasonal Variability in the Shrinking Effect 60
      • 4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 67
      • IV. CHAPTER 3: INFLUENCE OF PATH DESIGN COOLING STRATEGIES
      • ON THERMAL CONDITIONS AND PEDESTRIAN WALKABILITY IN
      • HIGH-RISE RESIDENTIAL COMPLEXES 74
      • 1. INTRODUCTION 74
      • 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 78
      • 3. METHODOLOGY 80
      • 3.1 Research framework 80
      • 3.2 Study area 81
      • 3.3 CFD simulation and validation 83
      • 3.3.1 Simulation design 83
      • 3.3.2 Path-design scenarios 87
      • 3.3.3 Validation 89
      • 3.4 Agent-based modeling simulation 91
      • 3.4.1 Simulation design 91
      • 3.4.2 ABM scenarios 91
      • 4. RESULTS 92
      • 4.1 Model validation result 92
      • 4.2 Cooling effects of path-design strategies 94
      • 4.2.1 Tsurf 96
      • 4.2.2 Ta 96
      • 4.2.3 MRT 97
      • 4.2.4 PET 98
      • 4.3 Spatial extent of cooling effects 101
      • 4.4 Difference of cooling effects between the two complexes 103
      • 4.5 Impacts of outdoor thermal comfort on walkability 105
      • 5. DISCUSSION 110
      • 5.1 Influence on thermal conditions 111
      • 5.2 Influence on pedestrian walkability 113
      • 6. CONCLUSION 114
      • V. CONCLUSION 116
      • BIBLIOGRAPHY 122
      • CHAPTER 1 REFERENCES 122
      • CHAPTER 2 REFERENCES 134
      • CHAPTER 3 REFERENCES 146
      • APPENDICES 158
      • 국문초록 170
      더보기

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