경복궁 중건에 사용된 소나무 목부재의 연륜연대학적 원산지 분석 = Dendrochronological Analysis to Determine the Provenance of Structural Members (Pinus densiflora) Used in the Reconstruction of Gyeongbokgung Palace

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Dendrochronology is one of the most important methods in archaeology and history for establishing absolute chronological dating and providing environmental information. It can also be used to estimate the original growth sites of trees used to create wooden objects and artifacts, based on regional differences in tree growth influenced by variations in climate and site conditions.
This thesis aims to determine the origin of pine timber used in the 19th-century for reconstruction of Gyeongbokgung Palace, and to validate the potential of dendrochronological analysis for estimating provenance of the timber. To achieve these objectives, reference chronologies of Korean red pine (P inus densiflora) were first develop across 35 research sites, the growth * A thesis for the degree of Doctor in February 2025. relationships among these sites were analyzed. Second, to explore the suitability of the newly developed reference chronologies for dating and evaluating the provenance of the historic timbers from Geunjeongjeon Hall of Gyeongbokgung Palace. Third, the quantity of timber by region were calculated from the historical records of Gyeongbokgung Yeonggeon Ilgi (The Gyeongbokgung Construction Diary) and Yeonggeon Ilgam (The Construction Records), which document the reconstruction of Gyeongbokgung Palace, and and cross-verified with the results of dendrochronological analysis.
The mean tree-ring width (R-TR) chronologies were developed for 35 study sites in the central and southern regions of the Korean Peninsula. To remove the inherent growth trends of the study trees, two chronologies were constructed, namely the moving average tree-ring width (M-TR) chronology and index tree-ring width (I-TR) chronology using two standardization methods. From the developed tree-ring chronologies, the period from 1942 to 2020, with an SSS value of 0.85 or higher, was selected for analysis. Using the three types of tree-ring chronologies, correlation analysis, t-tests, and cluster analysis were conducted to examine the growth relationships among the study regions.
The R-TR chronology showed the highest level of agreement across the broadest geographical range, while the M-TR chronology demonstrated strong agreement among geographically proximate regions. The I-TR chronology displayed intermediate characteristics between the above-mentioned two chronologies. Furthermore, cluster analysis revealed a strong tendency of the M-TR chronologies to form clusters among the neighboring study sites. In the dendrochronological provenance determination, a t-value of 6 or higher based on the M-TR chronologies indicated that the trees originated most likely from the same sub-region, while a t-value of 10 or higher suggested that they came from the same local area. To note, in dendrochronological methodology, the date of a tree-ring curve could be visually verified before its position is confirmed. However, the distribution of correlations and t-value, as well as the overlap and replication of well-matching chronologies required thorough examination before suggesting a provenance.
Based on the results of cluster analysis and t-tests, 5 zones were defined to distinguish regional patterns in the M-TR chronologies. They are the Central-Western Zone, Central-Northeastern Zone, Central-Southeastern Zone, Central-Interior Zone, and Southern-Interior Mountain Zone. It was found that the M-TR chronology was the most effective method for determining provenance.
Dendrochronological analysis of 102 timbers from Geunjeongjeon Hall in the Gyeongbokgung Palace led to development of four tree-ring width chronologies, 3 of which (comprising 59 timbers) matched the master tree-ring width chronology. Most of the timbers likely originated from areas near the Gyeonggi Province. Some timbers were confirmed to have come from the Seoraksan area, the Central-Northeastern Zone, and the Woraksan and Songnisan regions. Although the analyzed timbers represent only a portion of Geunjeongjeon and do fully represent all the timbers, their provenance aligns with the historical records. It is worth mentioning that the M-TR chronologies proved to be the most effective in the determination of the provenance. Additionally, although t-tests were highly useful for assessing the similarity between the chronologies, a high t-value did not always guarantee accurate provenances and required careful interpretation.
From the historical records, it was found that 75.0% of the pine timber used in the reconstruction of Gyeongbokgung Palace was obtained from the Gangwon-do Province. The Gyeonggi Province provided 21.9%, majority was the roof timber. The Chungcheong-do Province contributed 1.0%. Yeongnam and Honam regions accounted for 0.2%, and only a small quantity was sourced from the Hamgyeong-do Province. The Gangwon-do and Chungcheong-do provinces were the main suppliers of coniferous timber for construction, and this regional distribution helped confirm the timber resources and transportation system in those places for the reconstruction of the palace.
The dendrochronological analysis has significant potential for uncovering information preserved in the timber of traditional wooden structures. By determining precise felling dates and assessing the quality, dimensions, processing methods, and age of the timber, a detailed understanding of timber resource availability over time can be gained. Key words: dendroprovenancing, moving average chronology, index chronology, cluster analysis, Gyeongbokgung Yeonggeon Ilgi, archeological wood

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서론 1
• 1. 연구 배경 1
• 2. 연구 목적 3
• Ⅱ. 연구사 5
• 1. 고목재의 연륜연대학적 원산지 분석 5
• 2. 원산지 분석을 위한 연륜연대학적 분석 방법 7
• 3. 원산지 분석을 위한 지역·권역 연륜폭연대기 구축 9
• 4. 경복궁 중건에 사용된 목재 조달 문헌 조사 11
• Ⅲ. 현생 소나무의 지역간 연륜생장 관계 12
• 1. 서론 12
• 2. 재료 및 방법 14
• (1) 연구지 선정 및 연륜코어 채취 15
• (2) 연륜폭연대기 작성 및 연대기의 통계학적 분석 21
• 3. 결과 및 고찰 26
• (1) 연륜폭연대기 작성 및 통계학적 특성 26
• (2) 상관관계 분석과 t-test 34
• (3) 군집분석 52
• 4. 소결 61
• Ⅳ. 연륜연대학적 방법을 이용한 경복궁 목부재의 원산지 추정 64
• 1. 서론 64
• 2. 재료 및 방법 66
• (1) 연구대상 및 연륜코어 채취 66
• (2) 개체 연륜폭연대기 작성 68
• (3) 부재 대표연륜폭연대기 작성 68
• (4) 절대연도 분석 및 원산지 추정 69
• 3. 결과 및 고찰 70
• (1) 개체 연륜폭연대기 작성 70
• (2) 부재 대표연륜폭연대기 작성 74
• (3) 절대연도 분석 및 원산지 추정 81
• 4. 소결 92
• Ⅴ. 경복궁 중건 사료에 기록된 목재 조달 현황 94
• 1. 서론 94
• 2. 문헌 조사 방법 96
• 3. 결과 및 고찰 99
• (1) 관청 비축 송목 99
• (2) 훼철재의 재사용 100
• (3) 지역별 조달 송목 102
• 4. 소결 122
• Ⅵ. 결론 123
• 참고문헌 126
• 부록 137