한국 생태관광에 대한 녹색통치성 연구를 위한 소고 = Green governmentality approaches to the study of ecotourism in South Korea

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In South Korea, ecotourism is now considered as a useful policy instrument that can deliver both conservation and development. However, critical approaches to ecotourism have yet been scarce in South Korean social science scholarship. This paper aims to address this gap by offering green governemtnality as a way of examining environmental politics of ecotourism in South Korea. Drawing on Foucault’s innovative understandings of power and government, Foucauldian social scientists have theorized environmental practices, such as ecotourism, as ‘a form of governing’―i.e.
governmentality―, which shapes particular ways of thinking about and relating to nature. This paper is in a three-fold. It first traces the genealogy of ecotourism development in South Korea, identifying its unorthodox characteristics such as the national scale and the leadership of the state. It then reviews key social science approaches to ecotourism and considers their utilities to study the unorthodox aspects of South Korean ecotourism. Focusing on green governmentality, the paper examines its key concepts, analytical tools and axes with a view of offering an analytical template to deploy this approach in the analysis of the South Korean cases. From the green governmentality perspective, ecotourism in South Korea can be viewed as a form of green governmentality of a post-developmental state as well as of a mode of ‘actually existing neoliberalism’. In this regard, this paper argues that green governmentality has methodological utility for path-dependent analyses of South Korean ecotourism.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

지난 20여 년간 생태관광은 한국 사회에서 환경 보전과 경제적 발전을 동시에달성할 수 있는 효과적인 정책적 도구로 부상했다. 그러나 생태관광에 대한 국내사회과학계의 논의는 아직까지 생태관광 전략 수립과 평가에 한정돼 있는 실정이다. 생태관광의 개념과 실제에 대한 비판적 사회과학연구가 필요하다는 인식에서출발, 필자는 본 논문에서 녹색통치성(green governmentality) 논의를 활용해 한국생태관광의 정치적 전략과 성격을 고찰하기 위한 탐색적 연구를 실시한다. 녹색통치성 논의는 푸코의 통치성 이론을 환경 분야로 확장해, 생태관광과 같은 환경관리 장치를 특정한 ‘환경 주체(environmental subjects)’를 생산하기 위한 생명정치적 통치(a form of governing)로 이해한다. 논문은 크게 세 부분으로 이뤄져 있다. 먼저, 한국 생태관광의 출현 및 발달 과정을 추적하고, 서구-제3세계의 전형적 모델과 구별되는 한국 생태관광의 정치적·지리적 특징을 살펴본다. 이어 생태관광에 대한 주요 사회과학적 접근법(이해 당사자 이론, 정치생태학적 논의, 녹색통치성 논의)을 차례로 검토한다. 마지막으로, 녹색통치성 논의를 활용하기 위해, 이론적 토대가 되는 푸코의 권력과 통치성 개념을 살펴보고, 한국 생태관광의 통치성 분석에 활용할 수 있는 몇 가지 분석의 차원(aspect)과 축(axis)을 탐색한다.
본 논문에서 필자는 한국 생태관광의 출현과 작동 방식을 발전주의 국가에서 후기 발전주의 국가로의 이행이라는 한국 사회의 역사적 변동과 관련지어 경로의존적 맥락에서 이해할 것을 제안하고, 이 같은 분석을 위한 녹색통치성 논의의 유용성을 강조한다.

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