Scorecard diplomacy : grading states to influence their reputation and behavior

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• List of Figures = xii
• List of Tables = xv
• Preface = xvii
• List of Abbreviations = xxi
• PART Ⅰ THEORY AND PRODUCTION
• 1 Introduction = 3
• Scorecard Diplomacy and the Power of Reputational Concerns = 5
• Scorecard Diplomacy and the Broader Grading Phenomenon = 7
• Back to the Cases = 8
• The Argument in Brief = 12
• How Does It Work? Scorecard Diplomacy in Five Steps = 16
• The Constitutive Environment = 17
• Step 1 Public Monitoring and Grading = 18
• Step 2 Ongoing Diplomacy and Practical Assistance = 18
• Step 3 Indirect Pressure by Third Parties = 19
• Step 4 Concern About Current Reputation and Future Ratings = 20
• Step 5 Efforts to Improve Bad Ratings or Maintain Good Ones = 21
• Why Study Scorecard Diplomacy? = 21
• Outcomes, Sources, and Research Methods = 24
• The Plan of This Book = 28
• 2 Scorecard Diplomacy and Reputation = 31
• The Concept of Reputation in International Relations = 32
• A Broader Definition of Reputation = 34
• Why Care? The Value of a Good Reputation = 38
• When Do Reputational Concerns Operate? A Simple Model = 44
• Sensitivity = 44
• Exposure = 47
• Prioritization = 48
• How Does Scorecard Diplomacy Elicit Reputational Concerns? = 49
• The Role of Monitoring and Grading = 50
• The Role of Diplomacy = 53
• The Role of Practical Assistance = 55
• The Role of Third Parties = 57
• Empirical Expectations = 59
• About the Production of Scorecard Diplomacy = 59
• About the Verbal Reactions to Scorecard Diplomacy = 60
• About the Policy Responses to Scorecard Diplomacy = 60
• About the Factors Modifying the Policy Reactions to Scorecard Diplomacy = 61
• Summary = 61
• 3 The Case of Human Trafficking = 64
• The Problem of Human Trafficking = 65
• What Is Human Trafficking? = 65
• The Backdrop for Reputations : The Emergence of a Global Prohibition Norm = 67
• Doesn't Everyone Want to Fight Human Trafficking? = 71
• Step 1 Public Monitoring and Grading = 75
• The US Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act = 75
• The Inclusion and Scoring of Countries = 79
• Step 2 Ongoing Diplomacy and Practical Assistance = 82
• Policy Interaction to Increase Attention and Concern = 83
• Practical Assistance = 89
• Sanctions = 91
• Summary = 92
• 4 How Third Parties Boost Reputational Concerns = 95
• How the US Funds Other Actors : "It was all about the US [efforts]" = 98
• How IGOs Help Increase the Issue Salience and Build Capacity = 99
• How Civil Society Can Use Scorecard Diplomacy to Hold the Government Accountable = 104
• The Media's Role in Eliciting Reputational Concerns = 111
• Summary = 113
• PART Ⅱ EFFECTS
• 5 Micro-Level Evidence of Reputational Concerns = 117
• The Tale of Thailand's 2014 Drop to Tier 3 = 120
• How to Study Reputational Concern? = 122
• A Note on the Data = 123
• How Do Officials React? = 125
• Reactions Concerned With Material Factors = 126
• Reactions Concerned With Image and Standing = 128
• Angry or Critical Reactions = 133
• Concern About the Rating = 137
• Relative Prevalence of Reactions = 139
• Co-occurrence of Reactions = 141
• Who Reacts and Why? = 142
• Who Is Silent and Who Reacts to Tier Ratings? = 142
• Would Officials Still React If There Were No Tiers? = 144
• Face-Saving Efforts : Public Versus Private = 146
• Summary = 147
• 6 From Reputational Concerns to Effects on Laws, Practices, and Norms = 151
• Outcomes Under Study = 154
• Criminalization = 157
• Is Criminalization Meaningful or Just Cheap Talk? = 160
• Has Scorecard Diplomacy Promoted Anti-TIP Legislation? = 162
• Actions and Reactions : Do Countries That React Also Criminalize? = 170
• US TIP Funding : Varied Engagement by the US Embassy = 173
• Effects on Implementation, Institutions, Norms, and Practices = 175
• Overview of Case Study Outcomes = 178
• Summary = 179
• 7 When Does It Work? = 182
• Overview of Outcomes = 186
• Sensitivity = 186
• Concerns About Material Factors = 188
• Concerns With Image = 190
• Divergent Trafficking Norms = 191
• Strained Relations With the US = 193
• Exposure = 193
• TIP-Related Events = 193
• The Importance of Strong, Reform-Minded Interlocutors = 194
• Active Third Parties = 195
• US Resistance to Use Harsh Tiers = 196
• Prioritization = 199
• Official Complicity in Trafficking = 199
• Competing National Priorities and Capacity Challenges = 200
• Government Instability = 201
• Adding It All Up = 202
• Summary = 203
• 8 Country Perspectives = 205
• Armenia : Tiers as Tools = 206
• From Legislation to Institution Building to Norms = 207
• Tiers as Tools = 210
• The Central Role of Reputational Concerns = 211
• Israel : Not Really About the Money = 212
• Progress After the Shock = 214
• The Importance of Image, Not Just Money = 216
• Zimbabwe : Low Sensitivity to Reputational Costs = 219
• Poor Relationships and Low Priority = 219
• Japan : The Importance of Consistency = 221
• Initial Results = 223
• Concerns for Reputation = 225
• Inconsistent Pressure = 226
• Summary = 227
• Conclusion : Reputation and Policy = 230
• Evidence for the Cycle of Scorecard Diplomacy = 233
• Steps 1-3 Generating Reputational Pressure = 233
• Step 4 Does Anyone Care? The Key Question About Concerns About Reputation = 235
• Step 5 Linking Concerns to Real Outcomes = 23
• Possible Objections = 238
• Contributions From Other Actors and Factors = 238
• The Asymmetry of US Power = 239
• When Does It Work? = 240
• Why Does It Work? The Reputation Argument Revisited = 243
• Image Versus Material Concerns as Driver of Reputation = 243
• What Else Scorecard Diplomacy Teaches Us About Reputation = 246
• Generalizability and Sustainability = 247
• Insights for Policymakers = 250
• Consistency and Credibility = 250
• Downsides of Scorecard Policies = 253
• Policy Insights Beyond This Case = 255
• "Diplomatic Indigestion" : The Political Challenges of Scorecards = 256
• Unilateralism Versus Multilateralism : Is There an Alternative? = 257
• The Bottom Line = 259
• Methods Appendix = 263
• Interviews = 263
• The Global Survey = 269
• Document Analysis = 272
• Data = 278
• Analysis = 278
• Statistical Packages = 284
• Case Studies = 285
• Case Selection = 286
• Case Study Methodology = 289
• Results Appendix = 291
• Chapter 3 = 291
• Chapter 4 = 293
• Chapter 5 = 294
• Chapter 6 = 295
• Chapter 7 = 307
• References = 318
• Index = 345