Physio-Chemical Properties, Consolidation, and Stabilization of Tropical Peat Soil Using Traditional Soil Additives – A State of the Art Literature Review

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Peat is formed by the degradation of plants and animals in the lack of oxygen and is widely known for its very weak geotechnical characteristics. This is the reason to be considered as an unsuitable foundation soil for construction activities. Several attempts have been made to characterize and stabilize peat soil to make construction viable. This study encapsulates an extensive literature review of the available published data for Atterberg limits, consolidation, and stabilization of peat soil using traditional additives, especially cement and lime. Moreover, peat formation and distribution around the world are also discussed. The analysis of the gathered data shows that peat soils having a high amount of fibers may suffer a large amount of secondary consolidation when the load is applied. Besides, the compressibility factors vary for Malaysian peat due to different water and organic contents. The improvement of peat soil is challenging and expensive, requiring an extra amount of stabilizer for the initiation of the stabilization process. However, the optimum and threshold stabilizer’s dosage for peat is also a challenging task to predict due to several factors affecting the stabilization process. Lastly, the study concludes with recommendations on the implication of the fall cone and thread rolling tests for the determination of Atterberg limits of fibrous peat, effective consolidometer for peat, and utilization of traditional additives for peat soil stabilization.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Moo-Young HK, "Waste minimization and re-use of paper sludges in landfill covers : A case study" 15 (15): 593-605, 1997

2 Sangok FE, "Variations in the rate of accumulation and chemical structure of soil organic matter in a coastal peatland in Sarawak, Malaysia" 184 : 104244-, 2020

3 Dekker LW, "Variation in water content and wetting patterns in Dutch water repellent peaty clay and clayey peat soils" 28 : 89-105, 1996

4 Mohammed Ali Mohammed Al-Bared, "Utilization of Recycled Tiles and Tyres in Stabilization of Soils and Production of Construction Materials – A State-of-the-Art Review" 대한토목학회 22 (22): 3860-3874, 2018

5 O’Kelly BC, "Use of fall cones to determine Atterberg limits : A review" 68 (68): 843-856, 2018

6 Samet B, "Use of a kaolinitic clay as a pozzolanic material for cements : Formulation of blended cement" 29 : 741-749, 2007

7 Kasama K, "Undrained shear strength of cement-treated soils" 46 (46): 221-232, 2006

8 Sing WL, "Unconfined compressive strength characteristics of stabilized peat" 6 (6): 1915-1921, 2011

9 Melling L, "Tropical peatland ecosystems" Springer 2015

10 Koumoto T, "Theory and practice of the fall cone test" 51 (51): 701-712, 2001

11 Ata A, "The use of rowe cell test results in predicting collapse settlement of soils" Science Press 169-172, 2007

12 Haigh SK, "The plastic limit of clays" 64 (64): 5840586-, 2014

13 Yang J, "The liquid limit of peat and its application to the understanding of Irish blanket bog failures" 3 (3): 205-216, 2006

14 Cameron CC, "The geology, botany and chemistry of selected peat-forming environments from temperate and tropical latitudes" 12 (12): 105-156, 1989

15 Clare KE, "The effect of organlc matter on the setting of soil-cement mixtures" 4 : 625-630, 1954

16 Berry PL, "The consolidation of peat" 22 (22): 27-52, 1972

17 Chen H, "The behaviour of organic matter in the process of soft soil stabilization using cement" 65 : 445-448, 2006

18 Al-Bared MAM, "Sustainable strength improvement of soft clay stabilized with two sizes of recycled additive" 15 (15): 39-46, 2018

19 Nath BD, "Study on strength behavior of organic soil stabilized with fly ash" 1-6, 2017

20 Anjaneyappa, "Studies on soils treated with non traditional stabilizer for pavements" 41 (41): 162-167, 2011

21 Kalantari B, "Strength evaluation of air cured, cement treated peat with blast furnace slag" 3 (3): 1-12, 2011

22 Hayashi H, "Strength characteristic of stabilized peat using different types of binders" 5 : 55-62, 2005

23 Razali SNM, "Strength changes in peat-polymer stabilization process" 10 (10): 136-141, 2018

24 Amuda AG, "Strength and compressibility characteristics of amorphous tropical peat" 14 (14): 85-96, 2019

25 "Standard test methods for liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of soils. ASTM D4318-10"

26 Latifi N, "Stabilization of tropical peat using liquid polymer" Springer 2019

27 Khan A, "Stabilization of soil using cement and bale straw" 5 (5): 44-49, 2018

28 Broms BB, "Stabilization of soft clay with lime and cement columns in southeast" 27 (27): 1989

29 Putri EE, "Stabilization of rimbo Panjang peat soil using lightweight materials mixed with cement as subgrade for road pavement" 18 (18): 30-36, 2020

30 Borthakur N, "Stabilization of peat soil using locally admixture" 4 (4): 227-231, 2014

31 Abdel-salam AE, "Stabilization of peat soil using locally admixture" 14 (14): 294-299, 2017

32 Kalantari B, "Stabilising peat soil with cement and silica fume" 164 (164): 33-39, 2011

33 Hebib S, "Some experiences on the stabilization of Irish peats" 40 (40): 107-120, 2003

34 Hampton MB, "Soil improvement for big digs" American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Press 135-148, 1998

35 Zainorabidin A, "Settlement behaviour of Parit Nipah peat under static embankment" 17 (17): 151-155, 2019

36 Mesri G, "Secondary compression of peat with or without surcharging" 123 (123): 411-421, 1997

37 Al-Bared MAM, "Review on the geotechnical and engineering properties of marine clay and the suitable common stabilization methods" 13 (13): 825-831, 2017

38 Tang BL, "Reutilization of organic and peat soils by deep cement mixing" 5 (5): 87-92, 2011

39 Trauner L, "Relationship between the undrained shear strength, water content, and mineralogical properties of finegrained soils" 5 (5): 350-355, 2005

40 Gorham E, "Rates of peat accumulation during the postglacial period in 32 sites from Alaska to Newfoundland, with special emphasis on northern Minnesota" 81 (81): 429-438, 2003

41 Kolay PK, "Physico-geotechnical properties of peat and its stabilisation" 169 (169): 206-216, 2016

42 Kifli AZ, "Physical properties of peat in Sibu, Sarawak" 2016

43 Kolay P, "Physical and geotechnical characteristics of stabilized and unstabilized tropical peat soil" 8 (8): 223-230, 2011

44 Ramadhansyah PJ, "Performance of asphalt mixture incorporating kaolin clay at different aging" 2018

45 Gonçalves JP, "Performance evaluation of cement mortars modified with metakaolin or ground brick" 23 (23): 1971-1979, 2009

46 Medina E, "Peatlands of the Western Guayana Highlands" Springer 2011

47 Said J, "Peat stabilization with carbide lime" 1 (1): 3-8, 2009

48 Kalantari B, "Peat stabilization using cement, Polypropylene and steel fibres" 2 (2): 321-335, 2010

49 Kamaruidzaman NS, "Peat stabilization by using sugarcane bagasse ash(SCBA)as a partial cement replacement materials" 11 (11): 204-213, 2019

50 Osman KT, "Peat soils. In: Management of soil problems: An introduction" Springer 146-183, 2018

51 Muhardi Wibisono G, "Peat soils stabilization using lime-cement mixture to prevent peat fires" 276 : 1-8, 2019

52 Yusof NZ, "Peat soils stabilization using effective microorganisms (EM)" 140 (140): 1-8, 2018

53 Kalantari B, "Peat soil stabilization, using ordinary Portland cement, polypropylene fibers, and air curing technique" 13 : 1-13, 2008

54 Vishwanath G, "Peat soil stabilization with rice husk ash and lime powder" 9 (9): 225-227, 2014

55 Zambri NM, "Peat soil stabilization using lime and cement" 1-7, 2018

56 Wahab A, "Peat soil engineering and mechanical properties improvement under the effect of EKS technique at Parit Kuari, Batu Pahat, Johor, West Malaysia" 70 : 133-138, 2020

57 Jais MIB, "Peat modification integrating Geopolymer and fly ash" 527 (527): 1-15, 2019

58 Landva AO, "Peat fabric and structure" 17 (17): 416-435, 1980

59 Kolay PK, "Peat Stabilization using gypsum and fly ash" 1 (1): 1-5, 2010

60 Hobbs NB, "Mire morphology and the properties and behaviour of some British and foreign peats" 19 (19): 7-80, 1986

61 Hassan N, "Microstructural characteristics of organic soils treated with biomass silica stabilizer" 78 (78): 1-9, 2019

62 Al-Amoudi OSB, "Method and mechanisms of soil stabilization using electric arc furnace dust" 7 (7): 1-10, 2017

63 Sabir BB, "Metakaolin and calcined clays as pozzolans for concrete : A review" 23 : 441-454, 2001

64 Haigh SK, "Mechanics of the casagrande liquid limit test" 49 (49): 1015-1023, 2012

65 Alhani IJ, "Mechanical response of saturated and unsaturated gravels of different sizes in drained triaxial testing" 4 : 2020

66 Al-Bared MAM, "Mechanical behaviour of waste powdered tilesand Portland cement treated soft clay" 19 (19): 37-47, 2019

67 KyuHwanLee, "Mechanical Properties of Weakly Bonded Cement Stabilized Kaolin" 대한토목학회 6 (6): 389-398, 2002

68 Amuda AG, "Measurement of amorphous peat shear strength in the direct shear box at high displacement rates" 37 (37): 1059-1072, 2019

69 Moayedi H, "Malaysian experiences of peat stabilization, state of the art" 36 (36): 1-11, 2018

70 Gofar N, "Long term compression behavior of fibrous peat" 19 (19): 14-26, 2007

71 Sivapullaiah PV, "Liquid limit of soil mixtures" 8 (8): 111-116, 1985

72 Atterberg A, "Lerornas forhållande till vatten, deras plasticitetsgränser och plasticitetsgrader" 50 (50): 132-158, 1911

73 Paramananthan S, "Keys to the identification of Malaysian soils according to parent materials" Param Agricultural Soil Surveys (M) Sdn. Bhd 2010

74 Keller WD, "Kaolin from the original Kauling(Gaoling)Mine locality, Kiangsi Province, China" 28 (28): 97-104, 1980

75 Zainorabidin A, "Investigation on the shear strength characteristic at Malaysian peat" 11 (11): 1600-1606, 2016

76 Rahmi A, "Investigation of the application of various water additive ratios on unconfined compressive strength of cement-stabilized amorphous peat at different natural moisture contents" 2018 : 1-9, 2018

77 Vardanega PJ, "Investigation of the Atterberg limits and undrained fallcone shear strength variation with water content of some peat soils" 12 (12): 131-138, 2019

78 Tremblay H, "Influence of the nature of organic compounds on fine soil stabilization with cement" 39 (39): 535-546, 2002

79 Dehghanbanadaki A, "Influence of natural fillers on shear strength of cement treated peat" 65 (65): 633-640, 2013

80 Long M, "In-situ testing of peat-A review and update on recent developments" 43 (43): 41-55, 2012

81 Bergado DT, "Improvement techniques of soft ground in subsiding and lowland environment" Balkema 1994

82 Harbi R, "Improvement of the properties of a mortar with 5% of kaolin fillers in sand combined with metakaolin, brick waste and glass powder in cement" 152 : 632-641, 2017

83 Wong LS, "Improved strength and reduced permeability of stabilized peat : Focus on application of kaolin as a pozzolanic additive" 40 : 783-792, 2013

84 Skempton AW, "Ignition loss and other properties of peats and clays from Avonmouth, King’s Lynn and Cranberry Moss" 20 (20): 343-356, 1970

85 Haq A, "Historical development in the classification of kaolin subgroup" 2 (2): 44-49, 2008

86 Kasama K, "High-strengthening of cementtreated clay by mechanical dehydration" 47 (47): 171-184, 2007

87 Huat BBK, "Geotechnics of organic soils and peat" CRC Press 1-52, 2014

88 Saberian M, "Geotechnical properties of peat soil stabilised with shredded waste tyre chips in combination with gypsum, lime or cement" 18 : 1-16, 2016

89 Moo-Young HK, "Geotechnical properties of paper mill sludges for use in landfill covers" 124 (124): 370-370, 1998

90 Ling FNL, "Geotechnical properties of malaysian organic soils : Case study in Batu Pahat, Johor" 6 (6): 52-59, 2014

91 Farrell ER, "Geotechnical engineering principles, problematic soils and site investigation" ICE Publishing 463-479, 2012

92 Cameron CC, "Geology of peat as it affects the exploitation of the economic commodity" 41-42, 1983

93 Ibrahim A, "Foundation and embankment construction in peat : An overview" 19 : 10079-10094, 2014

94 Al-Bared MAM, "Fossil free fuels" CRC Press 71-84, 2019

95 Johari NN, "Fiber effects on compressibility of peat" 136 (136): 2016

96 Badogiannis E, "Exploitation of poor Greek kaolins : Durability of metakaolin concrete" 31 (31): 128-133, 2009

97 Yong RN, "Experimental study on instability of bases on natural and lime/cement-stabilized clayey soils" 35 (35): 238-249, 2007

98 Nikookar M, "Experimental evaluation of the strength of peat stabilized with hydrated lime" 60 (60): 491-502, 2016

99 Timoney MJ, "Experiences of dry soil mixing in highly organic soils" 165 (165): 3-14, 2012

100 Kempfert H-G, "Excavations and Foundations in Soft Soils" 275-347, 2006

101 Dehghanbanadaki A, "Evaluating the compression index of fibrous peat treated with different binders" 76 (76): 575-586, 2017

102 Al-Bared MAM, "Evaluating the compaction behaviour of soft marine clay stabilized with two sizes of recycled crushed tiles" Springer 9 : 1273-1284, 2019

103 Deboucha S, "Engineering properties of stabilized tropical peat soils" 13 : 1-9, 2008

104 Hashim R, "Engineering properties of peat soils in Peninsular, Malaysia" 8 (8): 4215-4219, 2008

105 Duraisamy Y, "Engineering properties and compressibility behavior of tropical peat soil" 4 (4): 768-773, 2007

106 Taggart MS, "Electron micrographic studies of clays" 3 : 31-64, 1954

107 Hashemi M, "Effect of thermal stabilization of soil, bentonite, calcium carbonate and fibers on behavior properties of clay soil" 3 (3): 55-64, 2019

108 Kalantari B, "Effect of polypropylene fibers on the California bearing ratio of air cured stabilized tropical peat soil" 3 (3): 1-6, 2010

109 Latifi N, "Effect of magnesium chloride solution on the physico-chemical characteristics of tropical peat" 75 (75): 1-9, 2016

110 Kujala K, "Effect of humus on the binding reaction in stabilized soils" 1996

111 Huat BBK, "Effect of chemical admixtures on the engineering properties of tropical peat soils" 2 (2): 1113-1120, 2005

112 Rahman ZA, "Effect of cement additive and curing period on some engineering properties of treated peat soil" 45 (45): 1679-1687, 2016

113 Aminur MR, "Effect of admixtures on the stabilization of peat soil from sarawak" 410-414, 2009

114 Atterberg A, "Die plastizität der tone" 1 : 4-37, 1911

115 EuroSoilStab, "Development of design and construction methods to stabilize soft organic soils: Design guide soft soil stabilization" Industrial and Materials Technologies Programme (Brite-EuRam III) 2002

116 O’Kelly BC, "Development of a large consolidometer apparatus for testing peat and other highly organic soils" 60 (60): 23-36, 2009

117 Mohamad HM, "Determination of the post-cyclic yield strength" 18 (18): 172-177, 2020

118 Lersow M, "Deep soil compaction as a method of ground improvement and to stabilization of wastes and slopes with danger of liquefaction, determining the modulus of deformation and shear strength parameters of loose rock" 21 (21): 161-174, 2001

119 Munro R, "Dealing with bearing capacity problems on low volume roads constructed on peat" The Highland Council 2004

120 Mesri G, "Cα/Cc concept and Ko during secondary compression" 115 (115): 273-277, 1989

121 Al-Bared MAM, "Cyclic behavior of RT-cement treated marine clay subjected to low and high loading frequencies" 21 (21): 433-445, 2020

122 Haigh S, "Consistency of the casagrande liquid limit test" 39 (39): 13-19, 2016

123 Zain NHM, "Compressive strength of peat soil treated with waste tyre granules" 59 : 185-192, 2020

124 Md Yusof Z, "Compressive strength improvement of stabilized peat soil by pond ash - Hydrated lime admixture" 747 : 242-245, 2015

125 Jais MIB, "Compressiblity of peat soil improved with polyurethane" 31 (31): 35-41, 2019

126 Kolay P, "Compressibility characteristics of tropical peat using Rowe cell consolidation" 9 (9): 277-284, 2012

127 Kazemian S, "Compressibility characteristics of fibrous tropical peat reinforced with cement column" 14 : 2009

128 Duraisamy Y, "Compressibility behavior of tropical peat reinforced with cement columns" 4 (4): 786-791, 2007

129 Duraisamy Y, "Compressibility behavior of fibrous peat reinforced with cement columns" 27 (27): 619-629, 2009

130 Yuswandono M, "Comparison of Rowe cell and oedometer test to determine peat soil consolidation parameters" 830 (830): 1-6, 2020

131 Al-Bared MAM, "Compaction and plasticity comparative behaviour of soft clay treated with coarse and fine sizes of ceramic tiles" 34 : 1-9, 2018

132 Guanghua Cai, "Compaction and Mechanical Characteristics and Stabilization Mechanism of Carbonated Reactive MgO-Stabilized Silt" 대한토목학회 21 (21): 2641-2654, 2017

133 Asadi A, "Chemico-geomechanical sensitivities of tropical peat to pore fluid pH related to controlling electrokinetic environment" 34 (34): 481-487, 2011

134 O’Kelly BC, "Characterisation and undrained strength of amorphous clay" 167 (167): 311-320, 2014

135 Paul A, "Cement stabilization of Indian peat : An experimental investigation" 32 (32): 04020350-, 2020

136 Maclaren DC, "Cement : Its chemistry and properties" 80 (80): 623-635, 2003

137 Sagiri MA, "Calcium silicate-based cements and functional impacts of various constituents" 36 (36): 8-18, 2018

138 Fox PJ, "Ca/Cc concept to compression of peat" 118 (118): 1256-1263, 1992

139 O’Kelly BC, "Briefing: Effective-stress strength of peat in triaxial compression" 167 (167): 417-420, 2014

140 Sing WL, "Behavior of stabilized peat soils in unconfined compression tests" 1 (1): 274-279, 2008

141 Islam MS, "Bearing capacity of stabilised tropical peat by deep mixing method" 3 (3): 682-688, 2009

142 "BS 1377-2, Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes - Part 2: Classification tests"

143 O’Kelly BC, "Atterberg limits are not appropriate for peat soils" 2 (2): 123-134, 2015

144 Huttunen E, "Assessment of the quality of stabilized peat and clay" 607-612, 1996

145 Md Zahri A, "An overview of traditional and non traditional stabilizer for soft soil" 2019

146 Haan D, "An overview of the mechanical behaviour of peat and organic soil" 1997

147 Sherwood PT, "An investigation of a cone-penetrometer method for the determination of the liquid limit" 20 (20): 203-208, 1970

148 "AASHTO_T89-13, Determining the liquid limit of soils"

149 Chimner RA, "A tropical freshwater wetland: II. Production, decomposition, and peat formation" 13 (13): 671-684, 2005

150 Sapar NIF, "A study on physical and morphological characteristics of tropical peat in Sabah" 11 (11): 542-553, 2020

151 Kalantari B, "A study of the effect of various curing techniques on the strength of stabilized peat" 1 (1): 119-128, 2014

152 Huat BBK, "A study of the compressibility behavior of peat stabilized by DMM : Lab model and FE analysis" 6 (6): 196-204, 2011

153 Kazemian S, "A state of art review of peat : Geotechnical engineering perspective" 6 (6): 1974-1981, 2011

154 Al-Bared MAM, "A review on the geotechnical and engineering characteristics of marine clay and the modern methods of improvements" 13 (13): 825-831, 2017

155 Afrin H, "A review on different types soil stabilization techniques" 3 (3): 19-24, 2017

156 Zulkifley MTM, "A review of the stabilization of tropical lowland peats" 73 (73): 733-746, 2014

157 Maas A, "A note on the formation of peat deposits in Indonesia" 1996

158 Prakash K, "A note on the determination of plastic limit of fine-grained soils" 32 (32): 372-374, 2009

159 Zainorabidin A, "A geotechnical exploration of Sabah peat soil : Engineering classifications and field surveys" 21 (21): 6671-6687, 2016

160 Ali Dehghanbanadaki, "A Study on UCS of Stabilized Peat with Natural Filler: A Computational Estimation Approach" 대한토목학회 23 (23): 1560-1572, 2019

161 Janz M, "9th report: The function of different binding agents in deep stabilization" Swedish Deep Stabilization Research Centre 2002

162 Axelsson K, "3rd report: Stabilization of organic soils by cement and puzzolanic reactions – Feasibility study" Swedish Deep Stabilization Research Centre 2002