친생자관계의 결정기준에 관한 인권법적 모색 ― 유럽인권협약 체제를 중심으로 ― = Desirable Determining Factors of Parentage in respect of Human Rights: a Comparative Research with the European Convention on Human Rights

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Parenthood makes a great influence on development of self-identity and personality. Therefore, the criteria for determining parenthood are very important to both parents and children. Until now, the principle on the determination of parenthood has been similar in appearance. That is,the woman who gives birth to the child is its mother, and whose husband, if any, is its father. However, in recent years, the environment surrounding the parenthood has changed drastically. So it is unable to keep the old world-wide rule untouched. The factor that has made such needs is summarized as follows : First, as to the rule on paternity, the following issues are raised. On the one hand, the development of science and technology has made it possible to determine the genetic paternity. For this situation, it seems almost natural that the opinion emphasizing blood in parentage law is getting stronger. That is, Biology, which for years has played a kind of background role, can now play the exclusive role. On the other hand, due to the increase in divorce and remarriage, it is urgently needed that anyone who plays a role of father in family be recognized legal status as father. Second, the increase in number of children produced by gestational agreement has caused serious problem around maternity which has been relatively less problematic. To address these issues, the White Paper of the Council of Europe, that is the Report on Principles concerning the Establishment and Legal Consequences of Parentage seems very helpful in respect of comparative legal study. As rapid change of environment surrounding the law of parentage is the global trend, we can catch similar shapes in efforts to respond to these changes. The principles on the legal parentage that conforms to the European Convention on Human Rights show the following three points. First, the principles for determining parentage and those for disestablishment of parenthood should be distinguished. When a child is born, it is helpful to determine legal parentage as soon as possible. So rapidity and clarity is very important in this step. Once the legal parentage is established, however, this relation itself needs to be protected. On the one hand, while the child is still minor, disestablishment of parentage is harmful to the children in many cases. So it seems contrary to the best interests of the child in general. On the other hand, although the child already has become an adult, the legal parenthood is to be protected because it results in many important rights and obligations. Second, equal legal treatment of legitimate and illegitimate children should be realized in the law of parentage. It is needless to say that imposing disabilities on the illegitimate child is contrary to the basic concept that legal burdens should bear some relationship to individual responsibility or wrongdoing. In this context,the current rule seems problematic especially regarding the degree of protection of the legal parenthood. To cope with this problem, it is desperately needed to make out the same rule applying to all children without regard to the relation between their parents. Third, even if all forms of assisted reproduction were outlawed in a particular state, its courts would still be called upon to decide on the identity of the lawful parents of a child resulting from those procedures undertaken in less restrictive states.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

법적 친자관계의 결정기준에 관한 법제인 친자법은 생식보조의료와 혈연감정에 관한 과학기술의 발달과 재혼가정․한부모가정의 급증이라는 현실로 인하여 개정의 필요성이 절실하게 요구되고 있다. 그런데 이러한 사정은 우리나라만의 문제가 아니며 오히려 전 세계적으로 보편적으로 나타나는 현상이기 때문에 이에 대응하기 위한 친자법 개정에 있어서도 일정한 보편적 규율을 모색할 수 있을 것이다. 그런데 친자관계 자체가 인권으로서 보호되는 이익으로 인정되고 있기 때문에 보편적 친자법의 모색을 위한 준거는 바로 인권이라고 할 수 있을 것이다. 따라서 현재 가장 발달된 인권보장 체제로 평가되고 있는 유럽인권협약 체제하에서의 친자법에 대한 인권법적 규율의 현황을 파악하는 것은 친자법 개정을 준비하기 위한 보편적 규율의 모색을 위하여 필요하다.
이를 위하여 유럽인권재판소 판례와 이러한 판례법리에 바탕을 두고 성안된 유럽평의회의 ‘친자관계의 성립과 그 효과에 관한 일반원칙’의 내용을 검토하면, 친자관계의 결정기준에 관한 보편적 규율과 선택적 규율을 발견할 수 있다. 그러나 이러한 내용을 우리나라의 현행 친자법과 비교하면 보편적 규율과 저촉되는 면이 적지 않게 발견된다. 예를 들어 일반원칙은 친생추정의 적용 기준 시로 자녀의 출생 시를 채택하였을 뿐 아니라, 친생추정의 요건으로서 비혼 동거관계를 포함시키고 있으며, 자녀에게는 반드시 친생부인의 원고적격이 인정되도록 하고 있다. 따라서 이러한 상황을 염두에 두고 장래의 친자법 개정에 대비하여야 할 것이다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

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